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HILD 7C Week 3:
Capitalist Transformation in the Southwest
Poster for the film version of The Ballad of Gregorio Cortez, starring Edward
James Olmos. Here we see Cortez evading the Texas Rangers.
This week’s lecture has 3 objectives: 1) Examine the corrido of Gregorio Cortez
and the legacy of the Texas Rangers; 2) Consider the shift from a pastoral to
capitalist economy in the U.S. southwest after 1848; 3) Explore ethnic and racial
violence in the southwest after 1848.
*Because debates raised in this lecture may elicit different opinions, it is our collective
responsibility to actively listen, read, and be respectful of others at all times.
The Corrido (Ballad) of Gregorio Cortez and the Texas Rangers
Let’s begin this week by listening to the corrido of Gregorio Cortez. As you
know from With His Pistol in His Hand by Americo Paredes, the song tells the story
of a Mexican American farmer falsely accused of stealing a horse by the Texas
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Rangers in 1901. After an encounter in which his brother Romaldo was shot, Cortez
killed a sheriff in self-defense, evaded the Rangers, and became a hero to Mexican
Americans in Texas. About more than one man, the corrido is a testament to AngloMexican conflict after 1848, racial injustice, and Mexican American resistance.
Americo Paredes, folklorist and author of With His Pistol in His Hand.
CLICK HERE TO LISTEN: El Corrido de Gregorio Cortez
(performed by Pedro Rocha y Lupe Martinez)
Follow along with the lyrics below.
En el condado del Carmen Look what has happened
miren lo que ha sucedido: in the county of Carmen:
murioÌ el Cherife Mayor, the Major Sheriff has died
quedando RomaÌn herido. and RomaÌn has been wounded.
Otro diÌa por la mañana The next morning,
cuando la gente llegoÌ, when people arrived,
unos a los otros dicen: they said to each other:
“No saben quien lo matoÌ”. “Nobody knows who killed him.
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“Se anduvieron informando, They investigated
como tres horas despueÌs and about three hours later
supieron que el malhechor they discovered that
era Gregorio Cortez Gregorio Cortez was the wrongdoer.
Insortaron a Cortez A warrant for Cortez’s arrest
por toditito el estado: was issued throughout the state:
“Vivo o muerto que se aprehenda “Bring him in dead or alive,
porque a varios ha matado”. he is wanted for murder.”
DeciÌa Gregorio Cortez Gregorio Cortez said,
con su pistola en la mano: with his pistol in his hand:
“No siento haberlo matado, “I’m not sorry for killing him,
al que siento es a mi hermano”. my concern is for my brother.”
DeciÌa Gregorio Cortez Gregorio Cortez said,
con su alma muy encendida: with his soul ablaze:
“No siento haberlo matado, “I’m not sorry for killing him,
la defensa es permitida”. self-defense is justifiable.”
VeniÌan los americanos The Americans were coming
que por el viento volaban as fast as the wind,
porque se iban a ganar because they would earn
tres mil pesos que les daban. a reward of 3,000 pesos.
TiroÌ con rumbo a GonzaÌlez, He fled toward GonzaÌlez.
varios cherifes lo vieron, Several sheriffs saw him
no lo quisieron seguir but they didn’t want to pursue him
porque le tuvieron miedo. because they were afraid.
VeniÌan los perros jaunes, The hound dogs were coming,
veniÌan sobre la huella, following his trail,
pero alcanzar a Cortez but catching Cortez
era alcanzar a una estrella. was like reaching for a star.
DeciÌa Gregorio Cortez: Gregorio Cortez said:
“¡Pa’ queÌ se valen de planes, “Why do you even try?
si no pueden agarrarme You can’t even catch me,
ni con esos perros jaunes!” even with those hound dogs.”
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DeciÌan los americanos: The Americans said:
“¿Si lo vemos queÌ le haremos? What shall we do if we find him?
si le entramos por derecho In an open confrontation
muy poquitos volveremos”. only a few of us will make it back.”
En el redondel del rancho By the corral of the ranch
lo alcanzaron a rodear, they surrounded him.
poquitos maÌs de trescientos There were more than 300 men,
y alliÌ les brincoÌ el corral. but he jumped through their ring.
AllaÌ por el Encinal, Around El Encinal,
aseguÌn por lo que dicen, according to what they say,
se agarraron a balazos they had a shoot out
y les matoÌ a otro cherife and he killed another sheriff.
DeciÌa Gregorio Cortez Gregorio Cortez said,
con su pistola en la mano: with his pistol in his hand:
“No corran rinches cobardes, “Don’t run you cowardly Rangers,
con un solo mexicano”. from one lone Mexican.”
GiroÌ con rumbo a Laredo He turned toward Laredo
sin ninguna timidez: without any fear:
“¡SiÌganme rinches cobardes, “Follow me, you cowardly Rangers,
yo soy Gregorio Cortez!” I am Gregorio Cortez.”
Gregorio le dice a Juan Gregorio says to Juan,
en el rancho del CipreÌs: at the ranch of the cypress:
“PlatiÌcame queÌ hay de nuevo, “Tell me, what’s new?
yo soy Gregorio Cortez”. I am Gregorio Cortez.”
Gregorio le dice a Juan: Gregorio says to Juan:
“Muy pronto lo vas a ver, “You will soon find out.
anda haÌblale a los cherifes Go and call the sheriffs,
que me vengan a aprehender”. tell them to come and arrest me.”
Cuando llegan los cherifes When the sheriffs arrived
Gregorio se presentoÌ: Gregorio turned himself in.
“Por las buenas si me llevan, “You can take me only on my terms,
porque de otro modo no”. no other way.”
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Ya agarraron a Cortez, They caught Cortez
ya terminoÌ la cuestioÌn, and the case is closed.
la pobre de su familia His poor family
la lleva en el corazoÌn. is always in his heart.
Ya con esta ahiÌ me despido I now take my leave,
con la sombra de un CipreÌs, by the shade of a cypress tree.
aquiÌ se acaba cantando Here I end singing
la tragedia de Cortez. the tragedy of Cortez
The corrido of Gregorio Cortez reminds us that Mexican American history after
1848 was violent and contested. It remains so. For instance, Paredes and many
historians view the Texas Rangers as notorious for racist violence against Mexican
Americans. Others glorify the Rangers as heroic lawmen upholding justice and the
Texan or American way. This is true even today. The name of the Major League
Baseball team that plays in Arlington, Texas is the Rangers.
The Texas Rangers baseball club logo: 1994-2002 (on the left) and since 2003 (on the right).
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You may also be familiar with the long running TV show Walker, Texas Ranger,
starring Chuck Norris. It originally aired on CBS, ran for nine seasons between 1993
and 2001, and has since been remade into a new, updated program. Norris
portrayed a heroic, hyper-masculine, justice-seeking, moralistic Texas Ranger who
solved crimes and caught bad guys every episode. Watch the 1-minute opening
credits to the show below and pay attention to how it portrays the Rangers.
CLICK HERE: Walker, Texas Ranger TV show opening credits
REFLECTION OPPORTUNITY #1: Do you think the history and cultural
representation of the Texas Rangers still matters today? Why or why not? Do you
think it matters more to some people than others? If so, who and why?
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Capitalist Transformation in the U.S. Southwest:
The history of Texas cattle is one of Mexican land loss and dispossession.
Competing versions of history about the Texas Rangers and U.S. Southwest
grew from conflict associated with sweeping economic and political changes after
the Mexican American War. Chief among them was the transition from a
subsistence farming, pastoral-based economy to market-based production for
profit between 1848 and 1900. This included new ideas about land from being
family-owned and more communal to being viewed as an investment and
individually-owned. The result was massive land loss for Mexicans, land gain for
Anglos, and continued conflict. How did this happen? Let’s consider two ways.
• Coercive land loss: Many Mexican descent families unfamiliar with U.S. land
laws were dispossessed of their land after the Mexican American War
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through legal and illegal fraud and coercion. For example, it was common for
land to be auctioned off if the owner had debt or owed taxes. Anglo
squatting- simply moving in and taking over- was also commonplace.
The development of the railroad fueled capitalism’s rise in the U.S. southwest.
• Market driven land loss: The cattle market favored Anglos because they often
had easier access to credit and financial networks. The fencing of open ranges
with barbed wire left many Mexicans in need of capital to build wells and
water tanks when natural water sources had once been communally shared.
Costs associated with advances in cross-breeding cattle, specialized grass for
grazing, and health care for cattle forced many Mexican ranchers to sell their
land. By the 1870s and ‘80s, railroads and refrigerated box cars further
connected Texas and the southwest to markets in the midwest and northeast,
exacerbating unequal conditions for Mexican ranchers.
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The main house at King Ranch, South Texas.
The story of the mighty King Ranch in South Texas is a prime example. The
King Family made its initial fortune from smuggling goods across the U.S.-Mexico
border before rapidly growing its cattle kingdom. King Ranch grew to 150,000 acres
by the 1880s and Richard King was appointed president of the powerful Stock
Raisers Association. King was known for ruthless tactics, including branding
competing cattle as his own, leading armed vigilante Minuet Companies to claim
new lands, and working with the Texas Rangers to maintain political control. King
Ranch became its own county and still exists today.
Recommended: See the King Ranch website, where you can read how it tells its
own history and has become a tourist destination, CLICK HERE
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Gold rush era map of California.
Land also passed from Mexican to Anglo hands in California and New Mexico.
Following the Mexican American war, the Gold Rush introduced U.S. banking,
financial markets, and credit systems that favored Anglos. Laws placed the burden
of proof on Mexican landowners. Anglo squatters often saw Mexican ranchos as
public land, forcing many Mexican ranchers to pay huge sums in legal fees for
hearings in English in which their land titles were challenged. Many lost their land.
To make matters worse in California, a severe draught in the 1880s forced many
more to mortgage or sell their properties. In New Mexico, a group of Anglo lawyers
known as the Santa Fe Ring built an empire from the tangled heritage of contested
land grants. Between 1848 and 1900, more than 80% of Mexican landholdings
were transferred to the lawyers as payment from their own clients.
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Cartoon depicting Santa Fe Ring lawyers and their array of legal tricks.
Mexican land loss after 1848 was an example of racial capitalism. See
diagram for key points.
Racial Capitalism includes
the historical and systemic
process of deriving social,
political, and economic
value from racial identity,
including one racial group
exploiting another to
acquire wealth
Racial Capitalism often
rests on physical, gendered,
sexual, and cultural
violence, including slavery,
genocide, and vigilante
violence. In the southwest,
this included violence by
the KKK, Texas Rangers, and
others
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Racial capitalism, of course, involved more than Anglos and Mexicans in the
southwest. For instance, the Chinese population in California grew from a few
thousand in 1850 to more than 50,000 in 1870, when they outnumbered Mexicans
in the state. Chinese workers lessened the reliance of Mexican labor in mines,
agriculture, and railroads. Their presence also prompted nativist and racist
violence that helped lead to the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and was the
predecessor to anti-Asian violence in the U.S. today.
Images of anti-Chinese violence in San Francisco and Denver in 1877 and 1881.
Lynching and Violence in the Southwest:
A key point in this week’s lecture is that capitalist transformation after 1848
was marked by racial and ethnic violence. Not unlike violence against African
Americans in the south, lynching was used to enforce the racial and ethnic order
against Mexicans and Asians in southwest. After discovering images of hundreds
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of lynchings against Mexicans and Asians in the decades after 1848, historian Ken
Gonzalez Day removed the dead Mexican and Asian bodies from the pictures. The
result was his exhibition, “Erased Lynchings.†It is an eerie and frightening gaze into
the carnival-like atmosphere of lynchings and their murderous crowds. It is also a
powerful reminder that Mexicans and Asians were targets of racial violence across
the southwest after 1848. See some of the images below.
Ken Gonzales Day images of lynchings in the southwest, with victims’ bodies removed.
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A postcard depicting a lynching in the “wild west,†with a personalized note on the back.
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More erased lynching images by Ken Gonzalez Day.
The power and spookiness of these images lies, at least in part, in that these trees
may be anywhere: in our yard, our neighborhood, and all around us.
REFLECTION OPPORTUNITY #2: What do you believe to be the main point of these
images? How do they make you feel? Is there one that stands? Which one and
why? (you do not have to address all of these questions, just engage the images!)
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Mexicans across the southwest resisted capitalist transformation and racist
violence, often in ways that emphasized gender and hyper-masculinity as the
terrain upon which class and racial injuries were experienced. Some told jokes that
inverted power relations (eg. the duck joke from last week’s lecture!), some sang
songs that celebrated Mexican heroes (eg. the corrido of Gregorio Cortez), and
many fought back with violence of their own.
One violent resister was Juan Cortina, among the most famous Mexican
American so-called “social bandits.†After an unjust killing of a family servant,
Cortina killed a lawman (sound familiar?!) and escaped across the Texas border to
Juan Cortina.
Tampico, Mexico. He then spent much of the 1850s and 60s fighting the “Cortina
Wars†against U.S. and Mexican troops and the Texas Rangers. His hope was to
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guarantee Mexican land and citizenship rights afforded by the Treaty of Guadalupe
Hidalgo. Watch the video below to learn more!
Recommended: 15-minute video on Juan Cortina and post 1848 U.S. Southwest, CLICK HERE
There were many other so-called social bandits, including Las Gorras Blancas
(or white caps) in New Mexico. Known for their long black coats and white masks,
they fought the Santa Fe Ring, cut barbed wire fences installed by Anglo squatters,
attacked railroads, and eventually started a short-lived political party.
Drawing of the Las Gorras Blancas and their fence-cutting practices.
In California, Joaquin Murrieta (of Murrieta, CA fame) was known in the 1850s as
the “Robin Hood of the West. When he was falsely accused of stealing a horse
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(sound familiar again?!) there was a stand-off with the California Rangers (the first
state-wide law enforcement agency). Murrieta’s brother was killed, his wife
Carmelita was raped and murdered, and he escaped, vowing revenge. He took up
arms and gained notoriety fighting for Mexican land rights.
Since we started this week with a corrido (ballad), let’s end with another!
Joaquin Murrieta wanted poster.
CLICK HERE TO LISTEN: EL CORRIDO DE JOAQUIN MURRIETA
(PERFORMED BY LOS CENZONTLES, WITH TRANSLATED LYRICS)
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HILD 7C Week 3:
Capitalist Transformation in the Southwest
Poster for the film version of The Ballad of Gregorio Cortez, starring Edward
James Olmos. Here we see Cortez evading the Texas Rangers.
This weeks lecture has 3 objectives: 1) Examine the corrido of Gregorio Cortez
and the legacy of the Texas Rangers; 2) Consider the shift from a pastoral to
capitalist economy in the U.S. southwest after 1848; 3) Explore ethnic and racial
violence in the southwest after 1848.
*Because debates raised in this lecture may elicit different opinions, it is our collective
responsibility to actively listen, read, and be respectful of others at all times.
The Corrido (Ballad) of Gregorio Cortez and the Texas Rangers
Lets begin this week by listening to the corrido of Gregorio Cortez. As you
know from With His Pistol in His Hand by Americo Paredes, the song tells the story
of a Mexican American farmer falsely accused of stealing a horse by the Texas
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Rangers in 1901. After an encounter in which his brother Romaldo was shot, Cortez
killed a sheriff in self-defense, evaded the Rangers, and became a hero to Mexican
Americans in Texas. About more than one man, the corrido is a testament to AngloMexican conflict after 1848, racial injustice, and Mexican American resistance.
Americo Paredes, folklorist and author of With His Pistol in His Hand.
CLICK HERE TO LISTEN: El Corrido de Gregorio Cortez
(performed by Pedro Rocha y Lupe Martinez)
Follow along with the lyrics below.
En el condado del Carmen Look what has happened
miren lo que ha sucedido: in the county of Carmen:
murio el Cherife Mayor, the Major Sheriff has died
quedando Roman herido. and Roman has been wounded.
Otro dia por la manana The next morning,
cuando la gente llego, when people arrived,
unos a los otros dicen: they said to each other:
“No saben quien lo mato”. “Nobody knows who killed him.
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“Se anduvieron informando, They investigated
como tres horas despues and about three hours later
supieron que el malhechor they discovered that
era Gregorio Cortez Gregorio Cortez was the wrongdoer.
Insortaron a Cortez A warrant for Cortez’s arrest
por toditito el estado: was issued throughout the state:
“Vivo o muerto que se aprehenda “Bring him in dead or alive,
porque a varios ha matado”. he is wanted for murder.”
Decia Gregorio Cortez Gregorio Cortez said,
con su pistola en la mano: with his pistol in his hand:
“No siento haberlo matado, “I’m not sorry for killing him,
al que siento es a mi hermano”. my concern is for my brother.”
Decia Gregorio Cortez Gregorio Cortez said,
con su alma muy encendida: with his soul ablaze:
“No siento haberlo matado, “I’m not sorry for killing him,
la defensa es permitida”. self-defense is justifiable.”
Venian los americanos The Americans were coming
que por el viento volaban as fast as the wind,
porque se iban a ganar because they would earn
tres mil pesos que les daban. a reward of 3,000 pesos.
Tiro con rumbo a Gonzalez, He fled toward Gonzalez.
varios cherifes lo vieron, Several sheriffs saw him
no lo quisieron seguir but they didn’t want to pursue him
porque le tuvieron miedo. because they were afraid.
Venian los perros jaunes, The hound dogs were coming,
venian sobre la huella, following his trail,
pero alcanzar a Cortez but catching Cortez
era alcanzar a una estrella. was like reaching for a star.
Decia Gregorio Cortez: Gregorio Cortez said:
“Pa’ que se valen de planes, “Why do you even try?
si no pueden agarrarme You can’t even catch me,
ni con esos perros jaunes!” even with those hound dogs.”
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Decian los americanos: The Americans said:
“Si lo vemos que le haremos? What shall we do if we find him?
si le entramos por derecho In an open confrontation
muy poquitos volveremos”. only a few of us will make it back.”
En el redondel del rancho By the corral of the ranch
lo alcanzaron a rodear, they surrounded him.
poquitos mas de trescientos There were more than 300 men,
y alli les brinco el corral. but he jumped through their ring.
Alla por el Encinal, Around El Encinal,
asegun por lo que dicen, according to what they say,
se agarraron a balazos they had a shoot out
a otro cherife and he killed another sheriff.
Decia Gregorio Cortez Gregorio Cortez said,
con su pistola en la mano: with his pistol in his hand:
“No corran rinches cobardes, “Don’t run you cowardly Rangers,
con un solo mexicano”. from one lone Mexican.”
Giro con rumbo a Laredo He turned toward Laredo
sin ninguna timidez: without any fear:
“Siganme rinches cobardes, “Follow me, you cowardly Rangers,
yo soy Gregorio Cortez!” I am Gregorio Cortez.”
Gregorio le dice a Juan Gregorio says to Juan,
en el rancho del Cipres: at the ranch of the cypress:
“Platicame que hay de nuevo, “Tell me, what’s new?
yo soy Gregorio Cortez”. I am Gregorio Cortez.”
Gregorio le dice a Juan: Gregorio says to Juan:
“Muy pronto lo vas a ver, “You will soon find out.
anda hablale a los cherifes Go and call the sheriffs,
que me vengan a aprehender”. tell them to come and arrest me.”
Cuando llegan los cherifes When the sheriffs arrived
Gregorio se presento: Gregorio turned himself in.
“Por las buenas si me llevan, “You can take me only on my terms,
porque de otro modo no”. no other way.”
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Ya agarraron a Cortez, They caught Cortez
ya termino la cuestion, and the case is closed.
la pobre de su familia His poor family
la lleva en el corazon. is always in his heart.
Ya con esta ahi me despido I now take my leave,
con la sombra de un Cipres, by the shade of a cypress tree.
aqui se acaba cantando Here I end singing
la tragedia de Cortez. the tragedy of Cortez
The corrido of Gregorio Cortez reminds us that Mexican American history after
1848 was violent and contested. It remains so. For instance, Paredes and many
historians view the Texas Rangers as notorious for racist violence against Mexican
Americans. Others glorify the Rangers as heroic lawmen upholding justice and the
Texan or American way. This is true even today. The name of the Major League
Baseball team that plays in Arlington, Texas is the Rangers.
The Texas Rangers baseball club logo: 1994-2002 (on the left) and since 2003 (on the right).
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You may also be familiar with the long running TV show Walker, Texas Ranger,
starring Chuck Norris. It originally aired on CBS, ran for nine seasons between 1993
and 2001, and has since been remade into a new, updated program. Norris
portrayed a heroic, hyper-masculine, justice-seeking, moralistic Texas Ranger who
solved crimes and caught bad guys every episode. Watch the 1-minute opening
credits to the show below and pay attention to how it portrays the Rangers.
CLICK HERE: Walker, Texas Ranger TV show opening credits
REFLECTION OPPORTUNITY #1: Do you think the history and cultural
representation of the Texas Rangers still matters today? Why or why not? Do you
think it matters more to some people than others? If so, who and why?
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Capitalist Transformation in the U.S. Southwest:
The history of Texas cattle is one of Mexican land loss and dispossession.
Competing versions of history about the Texas Rangers and U.S. Southwest
grew from conflict associated with sweeping economic and political changes after
the Mexican American War. Chief among them was the transition from a
subsistence farming, pastoral-based economy to market-based production for
profit between 1848 and 1900. This included new ideas about land from being
family-owned and more communal to being viewed as an investment and
individually-owned. The result was massive land loss for Mexicans, land gain for
Anglos, and continued conflict. How did this happen? Lets consider two ways.
Coercive land loss: Many Mexican descent families unfamiliar with U.S. land
laws were dispossessed of their land after the Mexican American War
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through legal and illegal fraud and coercion. For example, it was common for
land to be auctioned off if the owner had debt or owed taxes. Anglo
squatting- simply moving in and taking over- was also commonplace.
The development of the railroad fueled capitalisms rise in the U.S. southwest.
Market driven land loss: The cattle market favored Anglos because they often
had easier access to credit and financial networks. The fencing of open ranges
with barbed wire left many Mexicans in need of capital to build wells and
water tanks when natural water sources had once been communally shared.
Costs associated with advances in cross-breeding cattle, specialized grass for
grazing, and health care for cattle forced many Mexican ranchers to sell their
land. By the 1870s and 80s, railroads and refrigerated box cars further
connected Texas and the southwest to markets in the midwest and northeast,
exacerbating unequal conditions for Mexican ranchers.
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The main house at King Ranch, South Texas.
The story of the mighty King Ranch in South Texas is a prime example. The
King Family made its initial fortune from smuggling goods across the U.S.-Mexico
border before rapidly growing its cattle kingdom. King Ranch grew to 150,000 acres
by the 1880s and Richard King was appointed president of the powerful Stock
Raisers Association. King was known for ruthless tactics, including branding
competing cattle as his own, leading armed vigilante Minuet Companies to claim
new lands, and working with the Texas Rangers to maintain political control. King
Ranch became its own county and still exists today.
Recommended: See the King Ranch website, where you can read how it tells its
own history and has become a tourist destination, CLICK HERE
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Gold rush era map of California.
Land also passed from Mexican to Anglo hands in California and New Mexico.
Following the Mexican American war, the Gold Rush introduced U.S. banking,
financial markets, and credit systems that favored Anglos. Laws placed the burden
of proof on Mexican landowners. Anglo squatters often saw Mexican ranchos as
public land, forcing many Mexican ranchers to pay huge sums in legal fees for
hearings in English in which their land titles were challenged. Many lost their land.
To make matters worse in California, a severe draught in the 1880s forced many
more to mortgage or sell their properties. In New Mexico, a group of Anglo lawyers
known as the built an empire from the tangled heritage of contested
land grants. Between 1848 and 1900, more than 80% of Mexican landholdings
were transferred to the lawyers as payment from their own clients.
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Cartoon depicting Santa Fe Ring lawyers and their array of legal tricks.
Mexican land loss after 1848 was an example of racial capitalism. See
diagram for key points.
Racial Capitalism includes
the historical and systemic
process of deriving social,
political, and economic
value from racial identity,
including one racial group
exploiting another to
acquire wealth
Racial Capitalism often
rests on physical, gendered,
sexual, and cultural
violence, including slavery,
genocide, and vigilante
violence. In the southwest,
this included violence by
the KKK, Texas Rangers, and
others
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Racial capitalism, of course, involved more than Anglos and Mexicans in the
southwest. For instance, the Chinese population in California grew from a few
thousand in 1850 to more than 50,000 in 1870, when they outnumbered Mexicans
in the state. Chinese workers lessened the reliance of Mexican labor in mines,
agriculture, and railroads. Their presence also prompted nativist and racist
violence that helped lead to the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and was the
predecessor to anti-Asian violence in the U.S. today.
Images of anti-Chinese violence in San Francisco and Denver in 1877 and 1881.
Lynching and Violence in the Southwest:
A key point in this weeks lecture is that capitalist transformation after 1848
was marked by racial and ethnic violence. Not unlike violence against African
Americans in the south, lynching was used to enforce the racial and ethnic order
against Mexicans and Asians in southwest. After discovering images of hundreds
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of lynchings against Mexicans and Asians in the decades after 1848, historian Ken
Gonzalez Day removed the dead Mexican and Asian bodies from the pictures. The
result was his exhibition, Erased Lynchings. It is an eerie and frightening gaze into
the carnival-like atmosphere of lynchings and their murderous crowds. It is also a
powerful reminder that Mexicans and Asians were targets of racial violence across
the southwest after 1848. See some of the images below.
Ken Gonzales Day images of lynchings in the southwest, with victims bodies removed.
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A postcard depicting a lynching in the wild west, with a personalized note on the back.
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More erased lynching images by Ken Gonzalez Day.
The power and spookiness of these images lies, at least in part, in that these trees
may be anywhere: in our yard, our neighborhood, and all around us.
REFLECTION OPPORTUNITY #2: What do you believe to be the main point of these
images? How do they make you feel? Is there one that stands? Which one and
why? (you do not have to address all of these questions, just engage the images!)
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Mexicans across the southwest resisted capitalist transformation and racist
violence, often in ways that emphasized gender and hyper-masculinity as the
terrain upon which class and racial injuries were experienced. Some told jokes that
inverted power relations (eg. the duck joke from last weeks lecture!), some sang
songs that celebrated Mexican heroes (eg. the corrido of Gregorio Cortez), and
many fought back with violence of their own.
One violent resister was Juan Cortina, among the most famous Mexican
American so-called social bandits. After an unjust killing of a family servant,
Cortina killed a lawman (sound familiar?!) and escaped across the Texas border to
Juan Cortina.
Tampico, Mexico. He then spent much of the 1850s and 60s fighting the Cortina
Wars against U.S. and Mexican troops and the Texas Rangers. His hope was to
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guarantee Mexican land and citizenship rights afforded by the Treaty of Guadalupe
Hidalgo. Watch the video below to learn more!
Recommended: 15-minute video on Juan Cortina and post 1848 U.S. Southwest, CLICK HERE
There were many other , including Las Gorras Blancas
(or white caps) in New Mexico. Known for their long black coats and white masks,
they fought the Santa Fe Ring, cut barbed wire fences installed by Anglo squatters,
attacked railroads, and eventually started a .
Drawing of the Las Gorras Blancas and their fence-cutting practices.
In California, Joaquin Murrieta (of Murrieta, CA fame) was known in the 1850s as
the Robin Hood of the West. When he was falsely accused of stealing a horse
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(sound familiar again?!) there was a stand-off with the California Rangers (the first
state-wide law enforcement agency). Murrietas brother was killed, his wife
Carmelita was raped and murdered, and he escaped, vowing revenge. He took up
arms and gained notoriety fighting for Mexican land rights.
Since we started this week with a corrido (ballad), lets end with another!
Joaquin Murrieta wanted poster.
CLICK HERE TO LISTEN: EL CORRIDO DE JOAQUIN MURRIETA
(PERFORMED BY LOS CENZONTLES, WITH TRANSLATED LYRICS)
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