Disclaimer: This is a machine generated PDF of selected content from our databases. This functionality is provided solely for your
convenience and is in no way intended to replace original scanned PDF. Neither Cengage Learning nor its licensors make any
representations or warranties with respect to the machine generated PDF. The PDF is automatically generated “AS IS” and “AS
AVAILABLE” and are not retained in our systems. CENGAGE LEARNING AND ITS LICENSORS SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIM ANY
AND ALL EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY WARRANTIES FOR AVAILABILITY,
ACCURACY, TIMELINESS, COMPLETENESS, NON-INFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
PURPOSE. Your use of the machine generated PDF is subject to all use restrictions contained in The Cengage Learning
Subscription and License Agreement and/or the Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints Terms and Conditions and by using the
machine generated PDF functionality you agree to forgo any and all claims against Cengage Learning or its licensors for your use of
the machine generated PDF functionality and any output derived therefrom.
The Intellectual Dishonesty of the Campaign Against the
Electoral College
Author: Jarrett Stepman
Date: 2019
From: Gale Opposing Viewpoints Online Collection
Publisher: Gale, a Cengage Company
Document Type: Viewpoint essay
Length: 1,427 words
Content Level: (Level 4)
Lexile Measure: 1240L
Full Text:
Article Commentary
“2016 was an example of the Electoral College’s success, not its failure.”
Jarrett Stepman is a contributor to the Daily Signal and cohost of The Right Side of History podcast. In the following viewpoint, the
author defends the Electoral College and its function in the US political system. Stepman challenges common criticisms of the
Electoral College that arose in the wake of the 2016 presidential election. In particular, the author takes issue with the claim that the
Electoral College was created to benefit slaveholding states. The original intention of the Electoral College, Stepman contends, was
not about slavery but about balancing the interests of different regions. The author argues that this balance of interests makes the
Electoral College both democratic and constitutional. Because of this fundamental characteristic of the Electoral College, Stepman
suggests, elections that result in the election of a candidate who loses the popular vote but wins the presidency are a natural part of
the system that has worked as originally intended.
As you read, consider the following questions:
1. According to the author, why does the argument that the Electoral College was created to benefit slavery appeal to leftleaning critics?
2. Do you agree with the author’s characterization that the Electoral College reflects democratic values? Why or why not?
3. In your opinion, is the Electoral College necessary to preserving the federalism of US elections? Explain your answer.
A full-blown war is raging against the Electoral College.
But as activist groups become more desperate to overturn our way of electing presidents before voters go the polls in November
2020, their arguments become more absurd and hyperbolic.
CNN recently ran a preposterous segment suggesting that James Madison called the Electoral College “evil,” a shameful distortion
and an absurdity given that the man known as the Father of the Constitution had a direct hand in creating the institution.
Others have made more serious but ultimately absurd indictments of the Electoral College.
Among the biggest stretches made by critics of the Electoral College is that the institution was created simply to benefit slavery.
Left-wing pundits, politicians, and even a few scholars have made this a popular argument
(https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/06/opinion/electoral-college-slavery.html).
However, it isn’t true and is clearly a smear, a desperate ploy by sophists who want to tarnish the institution because they think it
stands in the way of progressive electoral dominance.
Historian Allen Guelzo has utterly debunked the “pro-slavery” narrative against the Electoral College.
Guelzo, writing in National Affairs, says the only mention of slavery related to the Electoral College debate at the Constitutional
Convention the lynchpin of the argument that the institution was pro-slavery is an obscure and unclear quote from Madison.
Madison’s words do not seem to suggest the Electoral College would help or hurt slave states in particular, however, but that it would
balance the interests of different regions (https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/debates_719.asp). Guelzo writes
(https://www.nationalaffairs.com/publications/detail/in-defense-of-the-electoral-college).
[Madison] appears to have concluded that an Electoral College system based on representation would improve this
balance and keep presidential elections from becoming sectional affairs. The idea that the Electoral College was proposed
to protect Southern slavery stretches the imagination; if anything, Madison seems to be suggesting that an Electoral
College would mute unfair sectional advantages.
Tying the Electoral College to slavery based on this thin evidence is flimsy at best, a fact recently admitted by liberal historian Sean
Wilentz.
Not only does little evidence exist of a connection between slavery and the Electoral College, according to Wilentz, the early
president most helped by the lack of national popular vote was John Quincy Adams, who was anti-slavery and from a free state.
Wilentz writes in The New York Times that he thinks there are plenty of good reasons to get rid of the Electoral College, but that “the
myth that the Electoral College began as a slaveholders’ instrument needs debunking which I hope to help with in my book’s
revised paperback.”
A more honest debate about the Electoral College would not be over its relation to slavery, which no longer exists, but over whether it
works for our republic today.
The standard argument against the Electoral College is that it’s not fully democratic and is unfair. Detractors lament that a failure of
the system is indicated by the rare cases such as 2016 in which the winner of the presidency is not determined by the winner
of the national popular vote total.
This is a fair, but wrongheaded, criticism of the Electoral College.
For one, the Founders did not design our republic as a pure democracy, but they did allow great leeway for democracy as a critical
element of self-government.
The Electoral College, as it exists today, is a mostly democratic system. It has been since the early 19th century, when states moved
away from legislatures selecting electors in favor of direct elections by the people.
In the 20th century, not a single state has chosen electors by any method other than a democratic one.
The real principle at stake, and the one most threatened by a national popular vote, is the concept of federalism.
Detractors complain that votes in states are unequal, that a voter in a massive state such as California has less power than a voter in
dramatically less populous Wyoming. This criticism is overblown.
The framers of the Constitution designed the Electoral College as what they hoped would be the best way of choosing America’s
chief executive. This meant preserving the concept of federalism and a diffusion of power among the states.
Americans don’t directly vote for their presidents. Instead, when we vote for a candidate, we actually vote for electors who then cast
their votes for that candidate on a set date after the election. The Founders preferred this method as a way to prevent a corruption of
the vote.
Each state’s assigned number of electors is based on its total number of representatives in the House and Senate.
How many House seats a state gets is based on population as updated by the census, of course. But since each state has two
senators, the Electoral College is slightly unbalanced to favor small states, a concession to them and a safeguard against a tyranny of
the majority feared by the Founding Fathers.
It’s not a large concession in the grand scheme of things, though.
California currently receives 55 electoral votes in the Electoral College, and Wyoming gets only three. Obviously, being a large state
is still a major advantage, and presidential candidates have significant incentives to win those states over the smaller ones.
But this state-based system does, to a degree, force presidential candidates to appeal to a wide spectrum of Americans.
Those running for president not only have to appeal to a wide diversity of people across states, but within states, instead of focusing
only on the big urban areas with the greatest payoffs.
A national election that relies heavily on this concept of federalism ultimately fulfills the requirement that presidents receive the
“esteem and confidence of the whole Union,” as Alexander Hamilton wrote in Federalist 68
(https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/fed68.asp).
This played out in 2016, which was an example of the Electoral College’s success, not its failure.
One candidate, now-President Donald Trump, appealed to and ultimately flipped states that had voted Democrat for nearly a
generation because he appealed to them in ways that members of his party hadn’t in a long time.
On the other hand, Hillary Clinton dumped massive resources into places such as Chicago and New Orleans, where she already had
overwhelming support, in an effort to “win” the popular vote (https://www.politico.com/story/2016/12/michigan-hillary-clintontrump-232547).
Clinton’s ill-conceived plan worked directly counter to how the Electoral College was designed to function, the result being a rare
circumstance where the winner of the popular vote lost the election.
Clinton could have spent more time in states such as Michigan and Pennsylvania, once thought to be part of an electoral “Blue Wall”
in the so-called Rust Belt. But she didn’t.
She paid a price, within a well-known system, for taking key states for granted.
Poor strategy, not an inherent flaw in the American election system, did in Trump’s opponent. Why should we see this as a reason to
ditch a two-century-old institution of marvelous success and stability?
Not everything the Founders predicted about American presidential elections has been borne out, but the federalist structure of the
Electoral College remains an excellent, if not perfect, method of selecting our presidents.
Ridiculous accusations about it being pro-slavery, and misguided desires to make it more “democratic,” are no reason to let a
misguided and likely unconstitutional National Popular Vote Compact or any other scheme bring the Electoral College to an
end (https://www.insidesources.com/national-popular-vote-making-every-vote-unequal/).
Full Text: COPYRIGHT 2020 Gale, a Cengage Company
Source Citation (MLA 8th Edition)
Stepman, Jarrett. “The Intellectual Dishonesty of the Campaign Against the Electoral College.” Gale Opposing Viewpoints Online
Collection, Gale, 2020. Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints,
https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/AXWFDQ462735319/OVIC?u=mlin_b_bunkhcc&sid=OVIC&xid=7310574a. Accessed 5 Dec.
2020. Originally published as “The Intellectual Dishonesty of the Campaign Against the Electoral College,” The Daily Signal, 10
Apr. 2019.
Gale Document Number: GALE|AXWFDQ462735319
Are you busy and do not have time to handle your assignment? Are you scared that your paper will not make the grade? Do you have responsibilities that may hinder you from turning in your assignment on time? Are you tired and can barely handle your assignment? Are your grades inconsistent?
Whichever your reason is, it is valid! You can get professional academic help from our service at affordable rates. We have a team of professional academic writers who can handle all your assignments.
Students barely have time to read. We got you! Have your literature essay or book review written without having the hassle of reading the book. You can get your literature paper custom-written for you by our literature specialists.
Do you struggle with finance? No need to torture yourself if finance is not your cup of tea. You can order your finance paper from our academic writing service and get 100% original work from competent finance experts.
Computer science is a tough subject. Fortunately, our computer science experts are up to the match. No need to stress and have sleepless nights. Our academic writers will tackle all your computer science assignments and deliver them on time. Let us handle all your python, java, ruby, JavaScript, php , C+ assignments!
While psychology may be an interesting subject, you may lack sufficient time to handle your assignments. Don’t despair; by using our academic writing service, you can be assured of perfect grades. Moreover, your grades will be consistent.
Engineering is quite a demanding subject. Students face a lot of pressure and barely have enough time to do what they love to do. Our academic writing service got you covered! Our engineering specialists follow the paper instructions and ensure timely delivery of the paper.
In the nursing course, you may have difficulties with literature reviews, annotated bibliographies, critical essays, and other assignments. Our nursing assignment writers will offer you professional nursing paper help at low prices.
Truth be told, sociology papers can be quite exhausting. Our academic writing service relieves you of fatigue, pressure, and stress. You can relax and have peace of mind as our academic writers handle your sociology assignment.
We take pride in having some of the best business writers in the industry. Our business writers have a lot of experience in the field. They are reliable, and you can be assured of a high-grade paper. They are able to handle business papers of any subject, length, deadline, and difficulty!
We boast of having some of the most experienced statistics experts in the industry. Our statistics experts have diverse skills, expertise, and knowledge to handle any kind of assignment. They have access to all kinds of software to get your assignment done.
Writing a law essay may prove to be an insurmountable obstacle, especially when you need to know the peculiarities of the legislative framework. Take advantage of our top-notch law specialists and get superb grades and 100% satisfaction.
We have highlighted some of the most popular subjects we handle above. Those are just a tip of the iceberg. We deal in all academic disciplines since our writers are as diverse. They have been drawn from across all disciplines, and orders are assigned to those writers believed to be the best in the field. In a nutshell, there is no task we cannot handle; all you need to do is place your order with us. As long as your instructions are clear, just trust we shall deliver irrespective of the discipline.
Our essay writers are graduates with bachelor's, masters, Ph.D., and doctorate degrees in various subjects. The minimum requirement to be an essay writer with our essay writing service is to have a college degree. All our academic writers have a minimum of two years of academic writing. We have a stringent recruitment process to ensure that we get only the most competent essay writers in the industry. We also ensure that the writers are handsomely compensated for their value. The majority of our writers are native English speakers. As such, the fluency of language and grammar is impeccable.
There is a very low likelihood that you won’t like the paper.
Not at all. All papers are written from scratch. There is no way your tutor or instructor will realize that you did not write the paper yourself. In fact, we recommend using our assignment help services for consistent results.
We check all papers for plagiarism before we submit them. We use powerful plagiarism checking software such as SafeAssign, LopesWrite, and Turnitin. We also upload the plagiarism report so that you can review it. We understand that plagiarism is academic suicide. We would not take the risk of submitting plagiarized work and jeopardize your academic journey. Furthermore, we do not sell or use prewritten papers, and each paper is written from scratch.
You determine when you get the paper by setting the deadline when placing the order. All papers are delivered within the deadline. We are well aware that we operate in a time-sensitive industry. As such, we have laid out strategies to ensure that the client receives the paper on time and they never miss the deadline. We understand that papers that are submitted late have some points deducted. We do not want you to miss any points due to late submission. We work on beating deadlines by huge margins in order to ensure that you have ample time to review the paper before you submit it.
We have a privacy and confidentiality policy that guides our work. We NEVER share any customer information with third parties. Noone will ever know that you used our assignment help services. It’s only between you and us. We are bound by our policies to protect the customer’s identity and information. All your information, such as your names, phone number, email, order information, and so on, are protected. We have robust security systems that ensure that your data is protected. Hacking our systems is close to impossible, and it has never happened.
You fill all the paper instructions in the order form. Make sure you include all the helpful materials so that our academic writers can deliver the perfect paper. It will also help to eliminate unnecessary revisions.
Proceed to pay for the paper so that it can be assigned to one of our expert academic writers. The paper subject is matched with the writer’s area of specialization.
You communicate with the writer and know about the progress of the paper. The client can ask the writer for drafts of the paper. The client can upload extra material and include additional instructions from the lecturer. Receive a paper.
The paper is sent to your email and uploaded to your personal account. You also get a plagiarism report attached to your paper.
GET A PERFECT SCORE!!! 
Disclaimer: This is a machine generated PDF of selected content from our products. This functionality is provided solely for your
convenience and is in no way intended to replace original scanned PDF. Neither Cengage Learning nor its licensors make any
representations or warranties with respect to the machine generated PDF. The PDF is automatically generated “AS IS” and “AS
AVAILABLE” and are not retained in our systems. CENGAGE LEARNING AND ITS LICENSORS SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIM ANY
AND ALL EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY WARRANTIES FOR AVAILABILITY,
ACCURACY, TIMELINESS, COMPLETENESS, NON-INFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
PURPOSE. Your use of the machine generated PDF is subject to all use restrictions contained in The Cengage Learning
Subscription and License Agreement and/or the Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints Terms and Conditions and by using the
machine generated PDF functionality you agree to forgo any and all claims against Cengage Learning or its licensors for your use of
the machine generated PDF functionality and any output derived therefrom.
Fake News on Social Media
Date: 2022
From: Gale Opposing Viewpoints Online Collection
Publisher: Gale, a Cengage Company
Document Type: Topic overview
Length: 2,130 words
Content Level: (Level 5)
Lexile Measure: 1460L
Full Text:
Media experts define fake news as factually false information, delivered in the context of a supposedly true news story and
deliberately designed to deceive readers. In the first decades of the twenty-first century, the term is used primarily to describe internet
and social media disinformation campaigns. The distinction between misinformation and disinformation has a critical impact on public
understanding of fake news. “Misinformation” typically describes falsehoods of fact that are spread either purposely or accidentally.
Satire is an example of purposeful misinformation, while unintentional journalistic inaccuracies offer an example of accidental
misinformation. “Disinformation,” on the other hand, always refers to information specifically designed to mislead or deceive
consumers to influence their attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors. Thus, fake news is disinformation, not misinformation.
The concept of fake news is not new. Twenty-first-century fake news differs from that of the past due primarily to advances in
technology that have made it easier for purveyors of disinformation to create and distribute convincing illusions of truth. Technology
can both enhance a false story’s appearance of credibility and facilitate its widespread circulation with unprecedented speed.
Many media and legal experts have raised concerns that US policies, processes, and legal statutes are inadequate and outdated for
regulating fake news on the internet. In many cases, organized purveyors of fake news use paid social media–based advertising to
spread false stories. Because twentieth-century lawmakers did not anticipate digital and online media, existing regulations have
limited applicability. For example, under US law, foreign interests are not permitted to finance campaign ads that endorse or censure
particular political candidates. However, no US laws prohibit foreign actors from using internet-based media to circulate
disinformation that indirectly supports one candidate’s platform over another’s.
An increasing number of Americans began engaging with fake news on social media prior to and during the election cycles in 2016
and 2020. A 2020 study by NewsGuard found that users’ interaction with unreliable news sources on social media rose from 8
percent to 17 percent from 2019 to 2020. Analysts attribute this growing trend to the major news events, including those occurring at
the start of the decade, such as the COVID-19 pandemic and the 2020 presidential election. Research has found that unreliable news
sources tend to get more readers during extreme breaking news cycles.
Main Ideas
Fake news refers to factually inaccurate information designed to appear like legitimate news. As a form of disinformation,
fake news shared on social media is intentionally deceptive and aims to influence readers’ beliefs or behaviors.
Although disinformation is not a new phenomenon, the laws and practices developed to combat disinformation in print, radio,
and television are inadequate for addressing disinformation on digital and social media.
The creation and dissemination of fake news via social media during the 2016 US presidential campaign season have been
linked to Russian intelligence efforts to influence the US election outcome.
Social media companies have implemented numerous policies and community guideline changes to better monitor, manage,
or stem the circulation of fake news and conspiracy theory sites.
Since the 2016 presidential election, Donald Trump has repurposed the phrase “fake news” as a political epithet, attaching it
to factual news coverage that criticizes his presidential performance or disagrees with his policy positions.
Some stakeholders argue that the best defense against fake news is to teach digital and internet media literacy skills to the
news-consuming public, while others have advocated stricter state, federal, and international legal content regulations.
The COVID-19 pandemic has been accompanied by increases in misinformation and conspiracy theories about the health
crisis and public health measures to counter it, including vaccines.
How Fake News Spreads
According to experts on contemporary fake news, internet search engines and social media sites have fallen victim to organized
groups that deliberately create and spread disinformation online. These groups, informally known as “troll farms,” exist in many
places but are known to be particularly active in Russia. For example, a Russian-backed troll farm known as the Internet Research
Agency (IRA) was at the center of the notorious disinformation campaign coordinated to interfere in the 2016 US presidential election.
The algorithms that tech companies use can make social media particularly vulnerable to facilitating the spread of fake news.
Algorithms used to generate targeted content can be exploited by troll farm actors to play on existing political tensions on platforms
like Facebook and Twitter, spreading disinformation designed to elicit strong emotional responses from users across the political
spectrum. These organized operations typically focus on specific, divisive, and controversial issues, such as immigration and policing,
to inflame disagreement among members of the voting public and further polarize public opinion.
Dividing the public into opposing segments contributes to the creation of online echo chambers, which are spaces in which a user
does not encounter alternative viewpoints but only hears views similar to their own repeated back to them. Social media’s structure
supports echo chambers because users can insulate themselves from differing political opinions. This creates the illusion that the
user’s viewpoint is the dominant political opinion, even if their viewpoint is a fringe belief.
Many academic studies and government reports uncovered evidence that this type of organized interference influenced the outcome
of the 2016 US presidential election. Multiple reports published by federal entities including congressional committees, intelligence
agencies, and the Department of Justice established that Russian military intelligence actively exploited social media to dissuade
people from voting for Clinton.
Technology industry executives were called to appear before the US Congress in 2018 to answer questions regarding possible
Russian troll farm activity on their platforms and other consumer protection issues. Executives from Twitter and Facebook testified in
open sessions, and their largely inconclusive testimony was criticized by some as evasive and by others as exhibiting a lack of
awareness of their companies’ roles in the proliferation of disinformation online. Many observers noted that the problem of fake news
in social media is likely to persist regardless of any government action. Intelligence officials have expressed concern that groups such
as the IRA have become more sophisticated since 2016 and that other countries like China and Iran have carried out similar
campaigns.
A central point of debate in determining social media companies’ roles and responsibilities regarding the dissemination of fake news
is whether these sites are publishers or platforms. When designated as publishers, social media sites can be held legally responsible
for the content their users post, but as platforms, they cannot. Facebook, which has been heavily implicated in allegations of Russian
interference, has made contradictory claims about its status. The company has described itself as a “platform” to the public while
identifying itself as a “publisher” in court proceedings. Legal experts generally agree that the publisher-versus-platform issue will
require a definitive resolution to control the spread of fake news on social media. Some lawmakers have proposed holding tech
companies legally liable for false and defamatory information posted on their platforms, while others have suggested that internet
service providers should assume legal responsibilities for identifying and halting the spread of false or manipulated data.
Most major social media sites have implemented policy changes designed to help stem the flow of disinformation since 2016. For
example, social platforms such as Facebook, Reddit, and Twitter have tightened their community guidelines and begun suspending
users found to be participating in organized disinformation campaigns. In October 2020 Facebook identified and removed nearly
three hundred accounts implicated in coordinated fake news plots. By 2021 the company identified and removed more than twenty
million posts containing misinformation regarding the COVID-19 crisis. Twitter made headlines for adding disclaimers to tweets
containing false or misleading information in 2020. In 2021 Twitter launched Birdwatch, which allows users to flag tweets with
misinformation, and announced a partnership with the Associated Press and Reuters to boost credible information on the platform.
Facebook announced a new policy in September 2021 prohibiting coordinated social harm. The new policy deactivates accounts that
use the Facebook platform to harass others, incite violence, and spread fake news. However, despite Facebook’s new policy, an
investigation by the Wall Street Journal found that Facebook has an internal system called XCheck that allows high-profile users such
as celebrities and politicians to face less severe consequences for violating the platform’s policies.
Amid ongoing scrutiny of tech companies and the proliferation of fake news on social media sites, lawmakers have proposed stricter
regulations. In July 2021 Democratic senators introduced the Health Misinformation Act, which would allow tech companies to be
sued for promoting fake health news in a public health crisis. Under the Communications Decency Act, tech companies are not liable
for the content posted by their users. The proposed legislation would hold social media platforms responsible if their algorithms
promote health-related fake news in a crisis such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
Policy makers note that journalists, private enterprises, politicians, and members of the public all have important roles to play in the
fight against the influence of fake news. Introducing financial disincentives for propagating the spread of fake news and improving
digital literacy among members of the news-consuming public are consistently cited as important, actionable steps that could diminish
the political impact of disinformation.
Critical Thinking Questions
What are some strategies you can use to distinguish fake news from legitimate news, and what role do you think individuals
can play in stopping the spread of fake news?
How, if at all, do you think the proliferation of fake news has contributed to political polarization in the country? Explain your
answer.
In your opinion, should the federal government consider stricter regulations for social media sites that allow users to share
fake news? Why or why not?
Dangers of Misinformation
Fake news has remained a highly politicized issue since the 2016 US presidential election. Donald Trump repeatedly dismissed his
media critics as purveyors of fake news, effectively turning it into an epithet used to demean media sources with perceived partisan
biases. In a 2020 NPR/PBS NewsHour/Marist poll, 82 percent of Americans believed it was likely they would encounter misleading
information on social media. Among growing concern about fake news, Americans have become more open to restrictions placed on
news content online. In an August 2021 Pew Research Center study, approximately 48 percent of those polled believed the
government should regulate fake news online even if this restricts users’ ability to read or post certain content. Only 39 percent of
Americans agreed with this statement in 2018. Nearly 60 percent of Americans believe tech companies should restrict fake news
online.
As foreign actors have continued to weaponize disinformation and attempt to influence the outcome of democratically held elections
in the United States and Europe, both domestic and international organizations have advocated creating an international framework
for dealing with fake news. They contend that foreign influence campaigns undermine the integrity of elections and cause voters to
lose faith in the democratic process. With fake news implicated in voter suppression tactics, the Committee on House Administration
issued a report in October 2019 on amending the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 to integrate online communications and
advertising into the preexisting electioneering law. Furthermore, Democratic lawmakers reintroduced the Deceptive Practices and
Voter Intimidation Prevention Act in the US Senate in May 2021. The bill was first proposed in 2007 by Senators Barack Obama and
Chuck Schumer.
In 2020 fake news stories purporting fraud in the presidential election led many Trump supporters to distrust the victory of Democratic
candidate Joe Biden. A November 2020 Politico/Morning Consult poll found that 70 percent of Republicans doubted the presidential
election results. Trump refused to concede, claiming that the election was rigged. During a rally in Washington, DC, on January 6,
2021, Trump encouraged his supporters to march to the Capitol to protest the electoral vote count. Trump supporters rioted at the
Capitol, attacking police and storming into the building. The insurrection led to the deaths of five people. Fake news about the
election results stoked the anger and violence in the events that took place in the January 6 insurrection. Facebook came under
scrutiny when it came to light that many participants in the riot posted about their plans to disrupt Congress in the weeks prior to
January 6.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, misinformation has spread on social media about the disease, including conspiracy theories about
its origin and the safety of vaccines. The influx of fake news prompted the World Health Organization (WHO) to label the
misinformation regarding the health crisis as an infodemic. Fake news related to COVID-19 has been linked to a growing trend of
threats, harassment, and violence against scientists and health care workers. A 2021 survey by Nature found an increase in hostility
against scientists. Many researchers who have discussed the coronavirus in the media or online have experienced harassment, with
15 percent of scientists saying they have received death threats and 22 percent saying they have received threats of violence.
Full Text: COPYRIGHT 2022 Gale, a Cengage Company
Source Citation (MLA 9th Edition)
“Fake News on Social Media.” Gale Opposing Viewpoints Online Collection, Gale, 2022. Gale In Context: Opposing Viewpoints,
link.gale.com/apps/doc/OBOYIA996440220/OVIC?u=lom_oakcc&sid=bookmark-OVIC&xid=44049951. Accessed 31 Jan. 2022.
Gale Document Number: GALE|OBOYIA996440220
Are you busy and do not have time to handle your assignment? Are you scared that your paper will not make the grade? Do you have responsibilities that may hinder you from turning in your assignment on time? Are you tired and can barely handle your assignment? Are your grades inconsistent?
Whichever your reason is, it is valid! You can get professional academic help from our service at affordable rates. We have a team of professional academic writers who can handle all your assignments.
Students barely have time to read. We got you! Have your literature essay or book review written without having the hassle of reading the book. You can get your literature paper custom-written for you by our literature specialists.
Do you struggle with finance? No need to torture yourself if finance is not your cup of tea. You can order your finance paper from our academic writing service and get 100% original work from competent finance experts.
Computer science is a tough subject. Fortunately, our computer science experts are up to the match. No need to stress and have sleepless nights. Our academic writers will tackle all your computer science assignments and deliver them on time. Let us handle all your python, java, ruby, JavaScript, php , C+ assignments!
While psychology may be an interesting subject, you may lack sufficient time to handle your assignments. Don’t despair; by using our academic writing service, you can be assured of perfect grades. Moreover, your grades will be consistent.
Engineering is quite a demanding subject. Students face a lot of pressure and barely have enough time to do what they love to do. Our academic writing service got you covered! Our engineering specialists follow the paper instructions and ensure timely delivery of the paper.
In the nursing course, you may have difficulties with literature reviews, annotated bibliographies, critical essays, and other assignments. Our nursing assignment writers will offer you professional nursing paper help at low prices.
Truth be told, sociology papers can be quite exhausting. Our academic writing service relieves you of fatigue, pressure, and stress. You can relax and have peace of mind as our academic writers handle your sociology assignment.
We take pride in having some of the best business writers in the industry. Our business writers have a lot of experience in the field. They are reliable, and you can be assured of a high-grade paper. They are able to handle business papers of any subject, length, deadline, and difficulty!
We boast of having some of the most experienced statistics experts in the industry. Our statistics experts have diverse skills, expertise, and knowledge to handle any kind of assignment. They have access to all kinds of software to get your assignment done.
Writing a law essay may prove to be an insurmountable obstacle, especially when you need to know the peculiarities of the legislative framework. Take advantage of our top-notch law specialists and get superb grades and 100% satisfaction.
We have highlighted some of the most popular subjects we handle above. Those are just a tip of the iceberg. We deal in all academic disciplines since our writers are as diverse. They have been drawn from across all disciplines, and orders are assigned to those writers believed to be the best in the field. In a nutshell, there is no task we cannot handle; all you need to do is place your order with us. As long as your instructions are clear, just trust we shall deliver irrespective of the discipline.
Our essay writers are graduates with bachelor's, masters, Ph.D., and doctorate degrees in various subjects. The minimum requirement to be an essay writer with our essay writing service is to have a college degree. All our academic writers have a minimum of two years of academic writing. We have a stringent recruitment process to ensure that we get only the most competent essay writers in the industry. We also ensure that the writers are handsomely compensated for their value. The majority of our writers are native English speakers. As such, the fluency of language and grammar is impeccable.
There is a very low likelihood that you won’t like the paper.
Not at all. All papers are written from scratch. There is no way your tutor or instructor will realize that you did not write the paper yourself. In fact, we recommend using our assignment help services for consistent results.
We check all papers for plagiarism before we submit them. We use powerful plagiarism checking software such as SafeAssign, LopesWrite, and Turnitin. We also upload the plagiarism report so that you can review it. We understand that plagiarism is academic suicide. We would not take the risk of submitting plagiarized work and jeopardize your academic journey. Furthermore, we do not sell or use prewritten papers, and each paper is written from scratch.
You determine when you get the paper by setting the deadline when placing the order. All papers are delivered within the deadline. We are well aware that we operate in a time-sensitive industry. As such, we have laid out strategies to ensure that the client receives the paper on time and they never miss the deadline. We understand that papers that are submitted late have some points deducted. We do not want you to miss any points due to late submission. We work on beating deadlines by huge margins in order to ensure that you have ample time to review the paper before you submit it.
We have a privacy and confidentiality policy that guides our work. We NEVER share any customer information with third parties. Noone will ever know that you used our assignment help services. It’s only between you and us. We are bound by our policies to protect the customer’s identity and information. All your information, such as your names, phone number, email, order information, and so on, are protected. We have robust security systems that ensure that your data is protected. Hacking our systems is close to impossible, and it has never happened.
You fill all the paper instructions in the order form. Make sure you include all the helpful materials so that our academic writers can deliver the perfect paper. It will also help to eliminate unnecessary revisions.
Proceed to pay for the paper so that it can be assigned to one of our expert academic writers. The paper subject is matched with the writer’s area of specialization.
You communicate with the writer and know about the progress of the paper. The client can ask the writer for drafts of the paper. The client can upload extra material and include additional instructions from the lecturer. Receive a paper.
The paper is sent to your email and uploaded to your personal account. You also get a plagiarism report attached to your paper.
GET A PERFECT SCORE!!!
Delivering a high-quality product at a reasonable price is not enough anymore.
That’s why we have developed 5 beneficial guarantees that will make your experience with our service enjoyable, easy, and safe.
You have to be 100% sure of the quality of your product to give a money-back guarantee. This describes us perfectly. Make sure that this guarantee is totally transparent.
Read moreEach paper is composed from scratch, according to your instructions. It is then checked by our plagiarism-detection software. There is no gap where plagiarism could squeeze in.
Read moreThanks to our free revisions, there is no way for you to be unsatisfied. We will work on your paper until you are completely happy with the result.
Read moreYour email is safe, as we store it according to international data protection rules. Your bank details are secure, as we use only reliable payment systems.
Read moreBy sending us your money, you buy the service we provide. Check out our terms and conditions if you prefer business talks to be laid out in official language.
Read more