DRAFT: THE HOLOCAUST AND THE NAKBA
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Draft: The Holocaust and the Nakba
Introduction
Without a doubt, the Holocaust and the Nakba are some of the most tragic events to ever grace the history of world politics. Their severity can be monitored from different perspectives that include their immediate and long-term effects. The Holocaust refers to the systemic state-sponsored mass killing of more than six million people that belonged to various minority groups that included the Jews, Romani people, homosexuals, and persons with disabilities.[1] These horrendous act took place as from 1933 to 1945 and was planned and executed by German Nazis under the leadership of Adolf Hitler.[2] The Nakba on the other hand refers to the exodus of 700,000 Palestinian Arabs from their homes that was instigated by the encroachment of Israeli militia who made advances to Palestinian villages, destroyed them, killed some people, and instilled fear among the residents.[3]
Though different, the Holocaust and the Nakba intersect in a unique dimension in that they have long-lasting implications that have greatly influenced the relationship between Israel and Palestine. To a large extent, these two tragedies are the underlying factors for the ongoing Israeli-Palestinian conflict and all interventions to solve this conflict should revolve around the Holocaust and the Nakba.
Background
For a long time, many researchers have delved into the Holocaust and the Nakba in a bid to demystify its causes, the actual events that transpired during this time, attempts to solve these events, how they came to an end, and their implications on the victims and perpetrators. This implies that there is enough literature to create a lucid picture of these two atrocities. In other heights, some researchers have focused on the comparison and contrast of these events. For instance, AlonConfino elucidates that these two events are connected by the negativity that was accrued from their implications. They are strong pillars in the foundational past of the Israelis and Palestinians. Despite this, he maintains that these two events cannot be compared given the unique set of circumstances under which they happened.[4] To a large extent, most researchers are convinced that the Holocaust and the Nakba are among the major factors behind the ongoing Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is the struggle between the Jewish people from Israel and the Arabs from Muslim that began in the mid-20th century due to conflicts on land use and ownership. [5] According to Baspehlivan, the Holocaust and the Nakba have greatly impacted how Israelis relate to the Palestinians and vice versa. This in turn has jeopardized all attempts to reach an amicable solution for the ongoing Israeli-Palestinian conflict.[6]
Research Methodology
This research aims to establish the connection between the Holocaust and the Nakba and how they have impacted the relationship between the Israelis and the Palestinians thus heightening the magnitude of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The research will be propagated by a detailed analysis of literature comprising of journal articles, newspaper articles, government sources, and articles from various agencies regarding these genocides.
Discussion
As noted, the Holocaust and the Nakbahad a different turn of events that led to inhumane acts that included mass killing of people and displacing people from their homes respectively. These two tragic events had a different course in etiology. The Holocaust for instance was mainly caused by propaganda that was formulated by some leaders of the Nazi party. After Germany’s woes in World War II, the Nazi leaders needed a scapegoat. They resolved to paint their misfortunes on minority groups that included the Jewish people, Romani people, homosexuals, and people with disabilities. [7] This was then followed by a phase where the Nazi leaders advocated with Anti-Semitism propaganda. They claimed that their superior race had been unpurified by other races, hence the dire need to cleanse this. They used this to justify their actions of committing mass murders against the Jews and other groups of less privileged people. [8]
The cause of the Nakba, on the other hand, has long roots. Some researchers have established that its main cause was the notion of Zionism that propagated the belief that Jewish people should have their nation. [9] Therefore, land conflicts involving the Jewish people had existed long before the 19th century. Hell broke loose in 1947 when the United Nations proposed ‘The Partition Plan.’ This was a law that proposed splitting of Mandatory Palestine into exclusively Jewish and Arab states.[10]One year later, Israel’s militia decided to forcefully encroach into Palestinian villages to cause intimidation and fear, and this led to the fleeing of over 700,000 Palestinians from their homes.
From the causes of the Holocaust and the Nakba, it can be rightly deduced that the Holocaust and the Nakba are different events. Therefore, there is no uniform line of contrasting and comparing them, a stance that has been maintained by different researchers. This trend can also be seen in the way the two events were resolved. [11] This then limits the scope of this discussion to analyzing the complex intersections of the Holocaust and the Nakba. Without a doubt, these two events are interconnected uniquely as indicated by their synergistic influence in the ongoing Israeli-Palestinian conflict. This implies that the implications of the Holocaust and the Nakba are still prevailing currently.
Many factors have facilitated the longevity of the implications of the Holocaust and the Nakba. First, the Holocaust oversaw persecutions of more than six million Jews, the detention and torture of millions of other people. The weight of this atrocity cannot be easily forgotten by people or ignored by history. The Nakba on the other hand led to the displacement of more than 700,000 Palestinians from their home villages. This was almost half of their population before the Second World War. Therefore, these two events have been kept in the limelight by journalism, historiography, art, and literature.[12] Furthermore, Haifa Rashed, Damien Short, and John Docker elucidate that the longevity of the Holocaust and the Nakba has been propagated by the notion that the Nakba is an ongoing tragedy rather than a one-time political event that happened in 1948.[13]
According to Yair, the Holocaust and the Nakba have significantly affected how the Israelis and Palestinians relate. The victims and perpetrators of these two tragedies face a huge identity crisis in the present world. The victim and perpetrators have to live with a magnified sense of national consciousness that has been cultivated by the atrocities linked to them. Even worse, is that this national consciousness has been passed to other generations as illustrated by the difficulty of younger people to talk about their identity openly.[14] This notion has been supported by Atshan, Sa’ed, and Katharina Galor who maintain that the Holocaust and the Nakba have a direct impact on the way the Germans, Israelis, and Palestinians relate to each other. For instance, the Germans have a sense of guilt that makes them act nicely when they interact with Jewish people and not Arabs. [15]
The Holocaust and the Nakba have promoted one-sided victimhood where one nation- either Israel or Palestine, feels that they were wronged by their respective perpetrators. This issue is heightened because Israel was the main perpetrator of the Nakba. As a result, some Palestinians have developed a norm of blaming Israelis for their suffering and tend to ignore the effects of the Holocaust on them. They find Israelis’ remembrance of the Holocaust to be ironic, given their heinous act during the Nakba.[16] This has collectively created a tense atmosphere between the Israelis and the Palestinians. Any attempts by diplomats to solve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict have been vulnerable to this tension that prevents them from reaching a consensus. As a result, this conflict that has many detrimental effects has become immune to several resolution attempts. [17]
Conclusion
Conclusively, the Holocaust and the Nakba are among the worst genocides in the history of humankind on earth. While the Holocaust led to the detention, torturing, and killing of millions of people, the Nakba led to the threatening, killing, and forceful extraction of thousands of Palestinians from their homes. The implications of these two tragedies are still prevalent in the modern world and have massively impacted how Israelis and Palestinians relate. They are the underlying causative agents of one of the longest conflicts in recent time- the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Attempts to solve this conflict have all proven futile. The only hope of solving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict lies in solving the damage caused by the Holocaust and the Nakba.
Bibliography
History.com editors.“The Holocaust.” https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/the-holocaust, 2009.
Lipstadt, Deborah. “History Of The Holocaust”. Oxford Bibliographies Online Datasets. doi:10.1093/obo/9780199840731-0127, 2016.
Goldberg, Bashir Bashir& Amos. The Holocaust and the Nakba: A New Grammar of Trauma and History. Columbia: Columbia University Press, 2018.
Confino, Alon. “The Holocaust and the Nakba: Memory, National Identity and Jewish-Arab Partnership.” Palestine-Israel journal of politics, economics, and culture 24, no. 3: 20–28, 2019.
Beauchamp, Zack. What are Israel and Palestine? Why are they fighting? 2018. May 14. https://www.vox.com/2018/11/20/18080002/israel-palestine-conflict-basics.
Baspehlivan, Uygar. The Nakba, The Holocaust and Collective Victimhood, 2017. January 9. Accessed March 22, 2021. https://www.e-ir.info/2017/01/09/the-nakba-the-holocaust-and-collective-victimhood/.
Humphrey, Lynne. “The Holocaust And The Law: A Model Of ‘Good History’?”. Rethinking History 24 (1): 94-115, 2019. doi:10.1080/13642529.2019.1655852.
Khoury, NadimBassem. “Postnational memory: Narrating the Holocaust and the Nakba.” Philosophy & Social Criticism 46 (1), 2019. doi:10.1177/0191453719839448.
Stav, Shira. “Nakba and Holocaust: Mechanisms of Comparison and Denial in the Israeli Literary Imagination.” Jewish Social Studies 18 (3): 85-98, 2012.
Docker, Haifa Rashed Damien Short & John. “NakbaMemoricide: Genocide Studies and the Zionist/Israeli Genocide of Palestine.” Journal of Holy Land and Palestine Studies 13 (1): 1-23, 2014. doi:10.3366/hls.2014.0076.
Auron, Yair. Israeli Identities Jews and Arabs Facing the Self and the Other New York: Berghahn Books, 2012.
ATSHAN, SA’ED, and KATHARINA GALOR. The Moral Triangle: Germans, Israelis, Palestinians.Durham; London: Duke University Press, 2020. Accessed March 10, 2021. doi:10.2307/j.ctv11sn7wt.
Fierke, K.M. “Who Is My Neighbour? Memories of the Holocaust/al Nakba and a Global Ethic of Care.” European journal of international relations 20, no. 3 (2014): 787–809.
[1]History.com editors.“The Holocaust.” https://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/the-holocaust, 2009.
[2]Lipstadt, Deborah. “History Of The Holocaust”. Oxford Bibliographies Online Datasets. doi:10.1093/obo/9780199840731-0127, 2016.
[3]Goldberg, Bashir Bashir& Amos. The Holocaust and the Nakba: A New Grammar of Trauma and History. Columbia: Columbia University Press, 2018.
[4]Confino, Alon. “The Holocaust and the Nakba: Memory, National Identity and Jewish-Arab Partnership.” Palestine-Israel journal of politics, economics, and culture 24, no. 3: 20–28, 2019.
[5]Beauchamp, Zack. What are Israel and Palestine? Why are they fighting?2018. May 14. https://www.vox.com/2018/11/20/18080002/israel-palestine-conflict-basics.
[6]Baspehlivan, Uygar. The Nakba, The Holocaust and Collective Victimhood, 2017. January 9. Accessed March 22, 2021. https://www.e-ir.info/2017/01/09/the-nakba-the-holocaust-and-collective-victimhood/.
[7]Snyder, Timothy. “The Causes of the Holocaust.” Contemporary European History 21 (2): 149-168, 2012.
[8]Goldberg, Bashir Bashir& Amos. The Holocaust and the Nakba: A New Grammar of Trauma and History. Columbia: Columbia University Press, 2018.
[9]Constantine Zurayk, George Hanna, Musa Alami&Qadri Hafiz Tuqan. The Nakba of 1948: Causes and Solutions. Institute for Palestine Studies, 2009.
[10] Humphrey, Lynne. “The Holocaust And The Law: A Model Of ‘Good History’?”. Rethinking History 24 (1): 94-115, 2019. doi:10.1080/13642529.2019.1655852.
[11]Khoury, NadimBassem. “Postnational memory: Narrating the Holocaust and the Nakba.” Philosophy & Social Criticism 46 (1), 2019. doi:10.1177/0191453719839448.
[12]Stav, Shira. “Nakba and Holocaust: Mechanisms of Comparison and Denial in the Israeli Literary Imagination.” Jewish Social Studies 18 (3): 85-98, 2012.
[13]Docker, Haifa Rashed Damien Short & John. “NakbaMemoricide: Genocide Studies and the Zionist/Israeli Genocide of Palestine.” Journal of Holy Land and Palestine Studies 13 (1): 1-23, 2014. doi:10.3366/hls.2014.0076.
[14]Auron, Yair. Israeli Identities Jews and Arabs Facing the Self and the Other New York: Berghahn Books, 2012.
[15] ATSHAN, SA’ED, and KATHARINA GALOR. The Moral Triangle: Germans, Israelis, Palestinians.Durham; London: Duke University Press, 2020. Accessed March 10, 2021. doi:10.2307/j.ctv11sn7wt.
[16]Fierke, K.M. “Who Is My Neighbour? Memories of the Holocaust/al Nakba and a Global Ethic of Care.” European journal of international relations 20, no. 3 (2014): 787–809.
[17]Goldberg, Bashir Bashir& Amos. The Holocaust and the Nakba: A New Grammar of Trauma and History. Columbia: Columbia University Press, 2018.
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