How to minimize employees risk working on mid to high rise construction site
Mitigating employees’ risk in construction
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Contents
Chapter 1 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2
1.0 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2
1.1 Introduction and Background ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2
1.2 Problem Statement/Research Rationale ……………………………………………………………………………………. 4
1.3 Aims and Objectives/Research Questions ………………………………………………………………………………….. 5
1.4 Limitations of Research …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 5
Chapter 2 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 6
2.0 Literature Review …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 6
2.1 Construction risk ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 6
2.1.1 Risk Definition ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 8
2.2 Uncertainty and Risk…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 8
2.3 Risk of construction industry …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 10
2.3.1 Natural construction risks…………………………………………………………………………………………………. 11
2.3.2 Human construction risks …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 11
2.4 Stress factors ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 14
2.4. 1 Stress solutions ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 15
2.5 Identification of risk ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 16
2.6Summary…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 17
Chapter 3 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 18
3.0 Methodology ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 18
3.1 Research Methodology …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 18
3.2 Research Methods and Data Sources ………………………………………………………………………………………. 18
3.2.1 Questionnaires ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 20
3.2.2 Interviews………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 20
3.3 Summary………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 21
5.0 References ……………………………………………………………………………………….. Error! Bookmark not defined.
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Chapter 1
1.0 Introduction
This chapter details the management of risk in construction works due to the serious impacts of change in construction. This research asserts that for an effective risk management, it is critical for the contractor to understand the responsibilities of risk, the capabilities of risk management and event situations. The introduction chapter also discusses the problem statement, with building construction projects identified as one of the most risk, dynamic and multifaceted endeavors. The objectives and the research limitations have also been discussed in this chapter.
1.1 Introduction and Background In the progressive globalization era, it is difficult to avoid risk (Shangquant, 2000). Risk has become an unavoidable part of the daily life and is present in almost every facet of human life. One such facet is the construction industry where risk is an innate component (Szymanski, 2017). Risk management in the construction industry is correlated to project management. Effective risk management integration is perceived as a significant component and crucial for the success of a project. Projects of construction can be described as immensely multifaceted projects in which uncertainty might emerge from diverse sources. Therefore, risk management is becoming more and more a broad project management component of construction projects in the effort to effectively deal with unanticipated uncertainty and events (Hillson, 2012). Risk management is crucial in the construction industry due to the detrimental consequence imposed by uncertainty and risk (Quazi et al., 2016). Nonetheless, for quite a long time, the development business had gained bad reputation for dealing with the genuine effects of progress because of delays and an inability to meet expense targets and quality. The aim of an effective procedure of risk management is to enhance neutral decision making of risk which will consequently lead to a superior performance. Systematic methods for attaining
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more information regarding project uncertainty are needed to attain that objective. The employment of diverse risk management methods will not eliminate all risks. However, the goal is to ensure that the risks are evaluated and managed in ways that permit the overall project objectives to be attained. The management of risk in construction encompasses the risk consciousness’ establishment, basic principles’ incorporation of the risk policy and organizational incorporation. Through proactive action, this permits the project to be prepared for inevitable problems and augmented transparency. Risk management is a continuing process throughout the whole life cycle of the project as risks constantly change (Bizon-Gorecka & Gorecki, 2019). Risk management encompasses identifying, evaluating and responding to risk. Besides, it is vital to work as an incorporated project team from the earliest possible stages to pinpoint and effectively deal with risks when they emerge. The advantages of the process comprise clearer knowledge of the distinct risks when they emerge, backed by decisions by distinct historical data analysis that can be used to help risk management procedures of the future. Regrettably, the majority of project managers are still unaware of the significance of employing project risk as a pertinent part of project delivery. According to (Vovchencko et al. 2017), an inefficient risk management implementation is usually due to the absence of formalized processes, lack of inadequate knowledge management incorporation and interaction between parties and processes and the lack of continuity. During the process of construction, the primary responsibility of dealing with risks depends on the contractors by deciding if the risks should be mitigated, averted, transferred or maintained (Backstrand & Fredriksson, 2020). For effective risk management, it is important for the contractor to understand the responsibilities of risk, the capabilities of risk management and event situations. Key words: risk management, risk uncertainty, risk identification
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1.2 Problem Statement/Research Rationale Construction plays a crucial part in the economy of countries (Banihashemi et al, 2017). Building construction projects have been pinpointed as one of the most risk, dynamic and multifaceted endeavors. Projects of building construction especially in developing countries suffer from numerous setbacks regarding project completion at the set time, issues with quality and cost overruns. These challenges are usually accountable for transforming profitable projects into failing ventures. Time and cost overruns have become a challenge in the construction industry as well as the absence of good quality work of the project’s product that do not offer value for money for many customers (Famiyeh et al., 2017). Some projects of construction are known to overshoot their original cost budget. This invariably implies that it is out of the original stipulated time schedule. For this challenge to be addresses, risk management in the construction industry has become a crucial part of the decision-making process since it determined the failure or success of construction projects. Appropriate decisions are made against a prearranged set of goals founded on knowledge, information, and data. On the other hand, decisions that are made without a rational project-specific criteria evaluation may result in difficulties in the delivery of the project. Consequently, uncertainty and risk are likely to have detrimental outcomes for all building projects. Odimabo (2016) asserts that the ineffective risks’ handling can be damaging both to the contractor as well as the project. Risk can impact performance, productivity, budget, and the quality of a project (Liu et al., 2017). Sometimes, risk cannot be eradicated, but it can be mitigated, retained, or transferred. Failure in the management of risk may be rationally justified particular for developing nations.
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1.3 Aims and Objectives/Research Questions
The overall objective of this paper is to investigate the attitude, perception and practical implementation of risk management in the construction industry and assessing knowledge management in correlation to risk management. Some of the objectives that will be explored are detailed below.
• To emphasize the significance of risk management
• To define effective tools of risk management in construction
• Examine the attitude and perception of risk management within the construction industry.
• Explore the practical risk management implementation.
• Assess knowledge management in relation to risk management.
1.4 Limitations of Research
The focus of the research done in this study is risk management within the construction industry. Therefore, it includes the perspective of both contractors and developers in large and small entities regarding the collection of data. Nonetheless, the study emphasis is put on the contractors’ perspective, hence the use of interviews. Therefore, this study will be limited regarding attaining in-depth developers’ perspective in the construction industry.
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Chapter 2
2.0 Literature Review The literature review details various articles and books to obtain and understand various concepts and theories within the wide-ranging literature in the risk management subject. The process facilitated the findings of the current research in the project and risk management field within itself and in correlation to the construction industry. The literature review covers the risk management fundamentals, knowledge management and various risk attitudes in correlation to risk. The overall techniques and process used with the management of risk are assesses to offer the reader with a broad knowledge of the subject.
2.1 Construction risk Projects of construction are exposed to increased risk degrees from the project commencement until the project end (Ning et al. 2018). Risk can be defined as an occurrence that might impact the project objectives’ success (Renault & Agumba, 2016). Therefore, risk management is crucial to attain the objectives of the project and to guarantee timely project delivery. Risk in the projects of construction might emerge in various project phases (Jamot & Park, 2019). The management of risk in construction encompasses dealing effectively with unanticipated and uncertain occurrences that could impact timely and successful project completion. Project risk leads to uncertainties and exposure to the life cycle of the project, consequently impacting facets such as project quality, schedule, and cost if risks are not pinpointed early during a project commencement (Owusu-Manu et al. 2020). It could also lead to exposure in the safety, health, and environment area. Therefore, risk management permits the project managers to detect, assess, respond, and control the project risks (Muriana & Vizzini, 2017). Thus, risk management is extremely crucial for the successful project achievement. The contracting strategy should have clear definition of the contractor and client’s responsibilities
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when drafting the contract and such should be understandable and specific (Wang et al, 2019). This is to ensure that the risk is clear for both the client and the contractor and thus avert disputes in the future. The risk management significance in construction projects have been discussed by many authors and researchers. For instance, Adnan et al, (2008) concluded that risk management is fundamental to the activities of construction in mitigating losses and fostering profitability. Risk management provides the opportunity to obtain clear goals, contents and duties’ understanding of the feasibility and service of the project, when it is implemented successfully (Gaffarianhoseini et al, 2017). Rahman and Adnan (2020) believe that risk management will not eliminate all risks from the project. Its principal aim is to ensure that risks are effectively managed. For instance, formal risk management techniques and analysis are seldom implemented by the construction industry in Pakistan due to the lack of knowledge and experience with subsequent challenges of low quality, delays, and low productivity on construction projects (Chileshe, Hosseini & Jepson, 2016). Therefore, risk management is a method that should be employed within the construction field to attain the construction industry objective. Most of the times, risk is usually ignored or dealt with in an arbitrary manner on the projects of construction. Nonetheless, it is usually the undetected hazards for which the provision has not been made that will have the most crucial effect on the project. Al-Ajmi & Makinde (2018) also assert that risk is a measurable uncertainty part and is presumed as deviation for the anticipated level. This implies that risk analysis is so crucial for the selection of the project and construction work coordination. Therefore, the effective risk management task in construction is the losses’ prevention due to risk exposure such as loss of time or finances, accidents, loss of reputation or damage to property. Risk management in construction is intended to plan, evaluate, and control the measures required to prevent risk exposure (Lundin, 2018). For this to be achieved, it is essential to pinpoint the hazards, evaluate
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the magnitude of the risk, presents steps to control the risk and manage any remaining risks. It was asserted above that risk management is a method that should be implemented with the construction industry to attain the industry objectives (Tupa, Simota & Steiner, 2017). Thus, it is essential to create interest and spread awareness amongst contractors and developers among others to utilize the techniques of risk management in the industry (Moshood et al, 2020).
2.1.1 Risk Definition
Risk in construction can be referred to as any exposure to probable loss (Dolce et al, 2020). Each construction project provides several diverse risks since each are different. To ensure project success, a contractor commencing on a project should have the aptitude of recognizing and evaluating those risks and when they are able to manage the risks.
2.2 Uncertainty and Risk
The relationship and distinction between risk and uncertainty may be defined as the risk being measurable while uncertainty in a risk that cannot be measured (Love & Mathews, 2020). Petrovic (2017) states that it is the uncertainty interaction that triggers the rise of risk. It means that only the pertinent uncertainties that can impact the objectives of a project become risks. Risk encompasses an uncertainty that is crucial, and the significance is defines in correlation to specific goals in question. Nonetheless, the term risk is used extensively in various applications, even though the most common risk management application is in projects (Petrovic, 2017).
The demand is not frequent in the construction industry. The industry is both volatile and seasonal. The construction industry is one of the sectors that are significantly affected by factors such as the economic crisis (Giannakis & Bruggeman, 2017). Demand usually decreases in the wake of this crisis. As a result, there is marked volatility in construction projects. Erratic demand
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in construction leads construction companies that find it hard in maintaining their overhead low in a scenario of low demand. According to Kasapoglu (2018), responding to the number of erratic demands forces the contractor to look for organizational forms than the conventional forms utilized in manufacturing, in case of high demand. This attracts uncertainty in decision-making when varying methods of production are needed. For instance, different product’s types such as highway constructions, dams and high-rise building executed concurrently at the same time are an uncertainty source. Kasapoglu (2018) also recommends that every project needs different study of design and production outcomes that consequently brings both high risks level and uncertainty. Sakthiganesh, and Suchithra (2017) believe that construction is a challenging and multifaceted process. It needs compliance and interpretation of many laws, regulations, and codes. It also requires collection of substantial resources such as equipment, labor, and material. Communication is essential among different parties such as the design professional, the owner, suppliers, contractors, and subcontractors, all of whom have different duties and objectives. Besides, numerous facets are usually not known during the commencement of the project. It is no surprise that risks are an anticipated part of the project process. Prudent contractors and subcontractors should have the ability to understand, assess and manage these risks (Tummalapudi, Killingsworth & Harper, 2020). Lia and Lin (2018) recommend that constructors should seek the knowledgeable construction counsel of attorneys regarding the assessment and management of risk.
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2.3 Risk of construction industry Construction is usually a dangerous undertaking work (Taofeeq & Adeleke, 2019). Risk is an uncertain condition or occurrence. It can be defined as the likelihood than an adverse situation takes place during a stipulated time. Risk has either negative or positive impacts on the objective of projects. In the construction industry context, it could be the probability of the combination occurrence of factors that take place during the whole construction process to the disadvantage of the project (Farooq, Thaheem & Arshad, 2018). Kasapoglu (2018) defines risk as the absence of predictability regarding the outcome of structure in a planning situation. Risk involves the uncertainty linked to the outcomes’ estimates. However, there is a probability that the outcome could be better than anticipated and worse than anticipated. For a construction contractor, a risk implies an occurrence that will result in unplanned costs and from which there will be no profits (Shin, 2020). Risks may be due to significant costs and time overruns that are risky to the objectives of the project. Emerging from extra costs and delays if it particularly comes to projects of public construction, the construction contractors, project owners and the community in general could suffer from losses. Both the roles of the client and the contractors are crucial to the construction projects’ success. Clients do not file for bankruptcy or pay on time. Likewise, contractors do not decrease the fixed overheard rapidly in tough times. Contractors sometimes do not perform. Further, the most recognized risks ingrained in the construction industry encompass the issues of safety and health, financial-related factors, and scheduling of delivery (Yong, 2018). The construction sector is filled with risks that correlate to execution, planning, communication, and interaction with the society around it. A basic construction industry risks classification are human and natural risks (Raviv, Shapira & Fishbain, 2018). Natural risks take place outside human systems or agencies, while human risks emerge within systems that are humanly organized. The human risks’ categories linked to project risks and construction encompass political, social, financial, economic, technical, managerial, health, cultural and legal risks.
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2.3.1 Natural construction risks One of the natural risks of constructions include systems of weather such as adverse conditions of weather, a hurricane probability, lightning strike and tidal wave and weather risk covers (Razzaq et al, 2018). For instance, meeting the construction schedule can be impossible if it rains for two months. Pollution can also be a factor of risk since noise, dust, solid, harmful glasses, and all liquid wastes are detrimental to nature and consequently affect a construction’s final quality. Another construction risk encompasses geological systems such as discrepancy in topographic and geology conditions, geological risk covers, an earthquake probability, geotechnical fault, and volcanic eruption. Subsurface conditions can also lead to costs of excavation that is greater than anticipated. Reports of geological investigation still must depend on relative occurrences’ experience among different types of soil, site history and site conditions to make judgments regarding the adverse ground conditions’ risk on any site. Conditions of the construction site, especially subsurface conditions can lead to an even greater uncertainty degree for facilities with unknown characteristics during operation.
2.3.2 Human construction risks One example of human construction risks includes social risks. These human risks type comprises criminal acts such as arson and sabotage, civil torts such as cases of trespassing, unauthorized graffiti, damage to fences and similar vandalism acts. Even though these indices may result in the proponent of the project appearing as either a witness or plaintiff, these can also result in counterclaims’ risks by the perpetrators. Construction industry social risks are becoming a regular occurrence on projects susceptible to aggressive protest lobbies. Social risks are one of the soft facets in the management of risk for major construction projects, mostly due to the struggle of quantitatively dealing with them.
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Political risk is another factor human risk. Examples of this risk include industrial relations, war, and civil disorder. Political risks can emerge from actions of the government of the firm against other nations such as embargoes of trade. The risks can also emanate from action within the home nation such as the statutory amendments made to the legislation of industrial legislation after the change in government of the day. Disapproval of the essential projects allows one of the other public and political risks. Political risks also include interference of foreign governments with the normal business conduct. It is mostly written in the multinational construction firms’ context and the developers operating overseas. Regarding economic risks, this risks’ type can take place due to unanticipated changes in supplying labour and materials, inflation, equipment availability, exchange rates and financial policies. Escalation of cost is another economic construction risk. Inflation is a risk facet for profit planning, cost control and other managerial decision-making construction projects’ facets. The past economic situation of the previous decade has also negatively affected the uncertainty climate with high interest and inflation rates. Financial institution’s deregulation correlated to construction financing can lead to unexpected challenges. Inflation is a crucial factor of risk since the construction price materials rise with inflation. Financial risks are about project funding. International and nation impacts can lead to unanticipated changes in the rates of interest capital supply, ratings of credit, rentals, and cash flaws. A practical projects’ preconstruction evaluation of risk in real life have disclosed its fiscal viability (Ariyanto, Purba & Purba, 2020). Sometimes the cost of materials increases unpredictably. Suppliers can also cut off or halt credit. Funds’ accessibility, which implies the poor management of funding by the client in the construction projects’ development, is another major factor of risk. Regarding legal risks, allocation of risk through the contractual building procurement facet covers regulations, clauses, and changes safety laws of labour. Legal risks are extensively
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found in the contract literature of construction contract. Some of the examples include contractual risks, amphibious contract, and government bureaucracy. The movement of environmental protection has also contributed to construction uncertainty due to inability to know what will be needed and the duration it will take to attain approval from the regulatory bodies. Extra costs can occur when the problems continue after the problems’ re-evaluation. Public safety guides also have the same impacts. New uncertainty dimension is added as projects shift through planning stages to construction. Hence, this can make it almost difficult to schedule and complete work at the cost that has been budgeted. Health risks are also a facet of human risks. The site of construction encompasses an environment susceptible to infectious diseases and viruses. Construction health risks are occurrence and epidemic impact on projects of construction. Accidents in construction emanate from errors of operating. The safety failures’ occurrence in construction forms a crucial risk of health. Managerial risks such as labour productivity inefficiencies can lead to challenges with the availability of labour productivity on-site, cost control, quality assurance and the management of human resource (Nadi & Bai, 2019). Productivity and availability of labour, safety risks such as the injury of a worker also include managerial construction risks. Strategies of management that form managerial risks can have a negative and positive impact on the safety of the worker. Safety deregulation that implies poor safety project managers’ awareness and inaccurate measures of safety is a vital factor of risk. Communication is very vital for the project’s safe. Absence of effective communication among the partners in a project and poor communication can lead to important challenges. Theft is also a factor of risk since workers can steal the construction equipment and materials. Organizational relationships are the other risk source since strained associations may develop between the firms that are involved in the process of construction or
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design. Discussion usually center on accountabilities when challenges occur instead of the construction project that needs time.
2.4 Stress factors Individuals working in the industry of construction are regularly confronted with high levels of stress (Sunindijo & Kamardeen, 2017). The cause of these high stress levels may lie in challenges that are well recognized to the industry. Examples include the split-up between the realization of the process of construction and the design, the competitive writing offers’ system and the separation of the actual construction and work preparation. The stress is essentially due to many challenges and handovers that can take place during such duties and responsibilities’ transfer. These challenges have been worsened in recent times by the constantly changing demands from the concerned parties. They are basically correlated to the augmenting competition between construction entities as well as surging requirements on the client’s part, a shrinking labour market, time pressure and an increasingly multifaceted situation. Specifically, large projects of construction may encompass many parties (Adam, Josephson & Lindahl, 2017). This includes different administrations that take much time to make decisions. A significant consequence is a surge in the time of preparation and a consequent decrease in the time of realization. Due to these changes, increased pressure is being placed on the construction companies’ employees, in particular on the employees and supervisors in the preparation of work. Thus, the workers are confronted more and more with quantitative minimal time to get the work and qualitative stress. Workers involves in the realization stages of the construction process are confronted with augmenting demands. On the other hand, their latitude of decision is diminished further. There are explicit dissimilarities in work stress between the diverse construction industry sectors. For instance, the house building is characterized by a sequential process of construction with increased pressure on prices, restricted margins, numerous details, and a moderately tight date of completion. As a result, this leads to a strict
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tasks’ segregation and an increased pressure regarding the financial and temporal facets of the construction project. The margins are also broader in the commercial and utilities construction sector. Besides, there is room for negotiating with the client. Nonetheless, each project in the sector is usually unique and needs novel solutions. The employees are confronted with high workloads, long working hours and shift work in the earthwork and road construction sector since there is a restricted window of time available for the diverse projects. From a practical and theoretical viewpoint, basic measures of prevention are the most interesting since their implementation can avert challenges. Besides, the number of workers impacted by the measures of prevention is much greater. Some firms are training their staff to be multi-skilled employees. There is an opposing trend on the other hand, namely, to specialize by outsourcing work to the specialist contractor or subcontractor. This correlates to the debate throughout the industry on multi-skilled employees as compared to specialists.
2.4. 1 Stress solutions Finding an answer to the best remedy for stress in the construction sector is not easy (Chen, McCabe & Hyatt, 2017). It appears evident that multi-skilled workers should be given the priority due to the work diversity and the increased possibilities of regulation that such solution encompasses. On the other hand, it is conceivable for construction work to be given to a specialist sub-contractor. In such a scenario, the sub-contractor can employ possibilities of regulation such as establishing self-managed teams. From the work stress point of view, collaborating with teams seem to be a viable solution since it is an innovative strategy. The solution may be preferable because it can avert stress challenges. Besides, it can relieve some of the supervisors’ pressure. The supervisor should strive to take the position of the site managers with the ultimate objective of training the teams. Nonetheless, working with teas is a significant change and its introduction is both time-
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consuming and hard. Construction firm that has collaborated with teams estimate that it can take as much as a decade before teamwork is introduced across the industry.
2.5 Identification of risk
Risk identification is undoubtedly acknowledged as the most important step within the process of risk management (Adeleke, Nawi & Abdi-karim, 2020). The focus is not to attain perfect future events’ prediction but recognition of the prospective sources of risk with high impact on specific project in case they occur. It is difficult to pinpoint the probable risks. The aim of risk identification and assessment is to ensure that the prospective risks are evaluated and managed in way that permits for the general objectives to be attained. Risk management should be continuous because of the ever-changing risks’ nature throughout the life cycle of the project. Before risk management, risks should be identified, and past experiences’ knowledge might apply to the existing project.
Most risk management description processes stress the need to pinpoint the risks during the start of the project (Zou, Kiviniemi & Jones, 2016). Sources and the correlating probable responses that emerge from the responses should be identified. The primary identification phase quality within the process of risk management has a significant impact on the later stages’ success within the construction process the original stage at the initial project phase should form the basis by which policies, strategies, risks, and uncertainties are established when it comes to allocation and management. Nonetheless, risk identification should be employed in line with the project process since all risks cannot be recognized easily before the project commencement and the fact that extra risks might emerge during project implementation. The project management of knowledge details the significance of an iterative approach to the risk identification process and the implementation and development of effective and simple responses as soon as risk identification has been conducted. Nonetheless, the guide states that there is no vital sense of a general iterative process to remove the risks essential for scrutiny. The diverse methodologies
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correlated to the identification of source risk mostly encompass brainstorming, checklists, workshops, and analysis and expert interviews of varying scenarios as well as historical data analysis and the plans of the project. Known and unknown risk sources need to be documented. For instance, interview usage with skilled project managers can be crucial for solving and avoiding similar challenges that emerge. Besides, all pertinent participants in the project can be interviewed on factors that impact risk.
2.6Summary various articles and books had to be studies to obtain and understand various concepts and theories within the wide-ranging literature in the risk management subject. The literature review covers the risk management fundamentals, knowledge management and various risk attitudes in correlation to risk. The review details risk in the construction sector. The definition of risk has been discussed as well as the relationship and distinction between risk and uncertainty. According to the review, in the construction industry context, risk could be the probability of the combination occurrence of factors that take place during the whole construction process to the disadvantage of the project. Causes of risk in construction such as natural and human factors have also been discussed. Ultimately, the literature review discusses the stress factors as a risk facet as well as the identification of risk.
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Chapter 3
3.0 Methodology Chapter three included an implementation of an all-inclusive method. Research methodology is critical to investigate the contractors’ knowledge management and perception. The methodology encompasses data collection that consists of survey research in the questionnaire form and semi-structured interviews.
3.1 Research Methodology Two basic approaches to research include the qualitative and quantitative (Queiros, Faria & Almeida, 2017. The quantitative approach encompasses the data generation in quantitative form that can be subjected to quantitative analysis in rigid fashion. This research type can further be classified into inferential, simulation and experimental to research. The objective of the inferential approach is to collect a base of data from which population characteristics can be inferred. The questionnaires usage would help in studying a population sample to determine its characteristics, implying that the populace has similar traits. Contrastingly, the qualitative approach is utilized for any collection technique of data or the procedure for analysis, which generate non-numerical data such as semi-structured, structured or unstructured interviews.
3.2 Research Methods and Data Sources This research is conducted using mixed method design. This is the general term for when both the qualitative and quantitative techniques and analysis procedures of data collections are utilized in research design. This inquiry form therefore incorporates two data forms and the central assumption of this approach type is that the quantitative and qualitative approaches combination enhances an effective understanding of a research challenge that either approach being used independently. Quantitative data was examined quantitatively, while qualitative data
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were assessed qualitatively, even though the mixed method strategy utilizes both worldview’s type at the research method phase. Therefore, the mixed method of research legitimizes the multiple approaches use in answering the questions of research rather than limiting or restricting the choices of the researchers (Piccioloi, 2019). The study encompassed a thorough research area understanding and the research questions’ formulation. The subsequent step encompassed the preparation of a set of semi-structured questions of interviews as well as online questionnaires’ formulation based on the theoretical framework. These measures were essential in helping to achieve the study objectives that included exploring the knowledge, perception and practical employment of the process of risk management within the construction sector. The questionnaire was made to acknowledge the knowledge, attitudes, risk management implementation and knowledge within the construction industry. The interviews fostered an in-depth assessment of their views and perceptions and organizational implementation. Various articles and book had to be studies to obtain and understand the diverse concepts and theories within the extensive literature on the risk management subject. The process enabled the current research findings in the project and risk management field within itself and in correlation to the industry of construction. The framework in this study basically covers the risk management fundamentals, the various attitudes of risk and the management of knowledge in relation to risk. The overall process and methods use within the risk management are assesses to offer the reader with an all-inclusive subject comprehension. The survey strategy usage is linked to the deductive strategy and tends to be utilized for descriptive and exploratory research. It permits for the prospective large data collections from a sizeable population. The objective of descriptive research is to get an accurate persons’ or circumstances’ representation, hence describing the traits of the phenomenon under study.
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3.2.1 Questionnaires Questionnaires is one of the most regularly uses techniques of data collection within the strategy of survey (Regmi et al, 2016). Each participant that was offered with the questionnaire was requested to respond to a similar set of questions, which enabled a resourceful way of gathering responses from a large sample before the analysis. The questionnaire was short and simple, and the questions proceeded in a logical pattern shifting from easy to more hard questions. Personal questions were left to the end. A provision for uncertainty indications was also included in case the participants did not have a preference or did not know the answers. Various questions in the survey were open-ended to permit for unrestricted answers and two-way questions in which the answers were restricted to alternative responses. The survey also included rating scale questions as well as multiple choice questions in which the respondent was requites to choose the most appropriate alternative. The questionnaire presented in the study was conducted through a survey design online.
3.2.2 Interviews The interview categorization correlates to the formality and structure level. Interviews can be highly formalized and structures as well as informal or unstructured. This interviews’ type chosen in the study is the semi-structures interviews’ categorization, which includes non-standardized and usually referred to as qualitative research interviews. This interview type permits for the qualitative data generation in the form of detailed answers of the participants and the investigation of knowledge sources within the organization. These interviews’ type may also be utilized as part of a mixed method to validate the questionnaire findings. Therefore, semi-structured interviews can be utilized to understand the correlations between variable disclosed from a descriptive method such as the survey research. One of the advantages of utilizing a semi-structured interview as opposed to a formation that is strictly structured is that it makes it
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possible for a broader understanding of the perspective of the participants and framework deprived of any impact of assumptions on the part of the researcher (Kallion et al, 2016). Semi-structured interviews had the benefit of being attentive than the unstructured formation usage, while at the same time making it possible for the participant to answer freely and instinctively as well as upholding a high flexibility degree. Thus, interviews were conducted to acknowledge risk management practical implementation and attitude in the construction industry. The interviews were also conducted to to assess how knowledge is managed and distributed in correlation to risk. The interview questions were open ended to foster a discussion as well as additional questions regarding risk management in the construction industry.
3.3 Summary This research is conducted using mixed method design. The mixed method of research legitimizes the multiple approaches use in answering the questions of research rather than limiting or restricting the choices of the researchers. The methodology encompasses data collection that consists of survey research in the questionnaire form and semi-structured interviews. The questionnaire was short and simple, and the questions proceeded in a logical pattern shifting from easy to more hard questions. Personal questions were left to the end. Various questions in the survey were open-ended to permit for unrestricted answers and two-way questions in which the answers were restricted to alternative responses. Interviews were also used. Interviews were utilized as part of a mixed method to validate the questionnaire findings. Various articles and book were also studied to obtain and understand the diverse concepts and theories within the extensive literature on the risk management subject.
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We have highlighted some of the most popular subjects we handle above. Those are just a tip of the iceberg. We deal in all academic disciplines since our writers are as diverse. They have been drawn from across all disciplines, and orders are assigned to those writers believed to be the best in the field. In a nutshell, there is no task we cannot handle; all you need to do is place your order with us. As long as your instructions are clear, just trust we shall deliver irrespective of the discipline.
Our essay writers are graduates with bachelor's, masters, Ph.D., and doctorate degrees in various subjects. The minimum requirement to be an essay writer with our essay writing service is to have a college degree. All our academic writers have a minimum of two years of academic writing. We have a stringent recruitment process to ensure that we get only the most competent essay writers in the industry. We also ensure that the writers are handsomely compensated for their value. The majority of our writers are native English speakers. As such, the fluency of language and grammar is impeccable.
There is a very low likelihood that you won’t like the paper.
Not at all. All papers are written from scratch. There is no way your tutor or instructor will realize that you did not write the paper yourself. In fact, we recommend using our assignment help services for consistent results.
We check all papers for plagiarism before we submit them. We use powerful plagiarism checking software such as SafeAssign, LopesWrite, and Turnitin. We also upload the plagiarism report so that you can review it. We understand that plagiarism is academic suicide. We would not take the risk of submitting plagiarized work and jeopardize your academic journey. Furthermore, we do not sell or use prewritten papers, and each paper is written from scratch.
You determine when you get the paper by setting the deadline when placing the order. All papers are delivered within the deadline. We are well aware that we operate in a time-sensitive industry. As such, we have laid out strategies to ensure that the client receives the paper on time and they never miss the deadline. We understand that papers that are submitted late have some points deducted. We do not want you to miss any points due to late submission. We work on beating deadlines by huge margins in order to ensure that you have ample time to review the paper before you submit it.
We have a privacy and confidentiality policy that guides our work. We NEVER share any customer information with third parties. Noone will ever know that you used our assignment help services. It’s only between you and us. We are bound by our policies to protect the customer’s identity and information. All your information, such as your names, phone number, email, order information, and so on, are protected. We have robust security systems that ensure that your data is protected. Hacking our systems is close to impossible, and it has never happened.
You fill all the paper instructions in the order form. Make sure you include all the helpful materials so that our academic writers can deliver the perfect paper. It will also help to eliminate unnecessary revisions.
Proceed to pay for the paper so that it can be assigned to one of our expert academic writers. The paper subject is matched with the writer’s area of specialization.
You communicate with the writer and know about the progress of the paper. The client can ask the writer for drafts of the paper. The client can upload extra material and include additional instructions from the lecturer. Receive a paper.
The paper is sent to your email and uploaded to your personal account. You also get a plagiarism report attached to your paper.
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Delivering a high-quality product at a reasonable price is not enough anymore.
That’s why we have developed 5 beneficial guarantees that will make your experience with our service enjoyable, easy, and safe.
You have to be 100% sure of the quality of your product to give a money-back guarantee. This describes us perfectly. Make sure that this guarantee is totally transparent.
Read moreEach paper is composed from scratch, according to your instructions. It is then checked by our plagiarism-detection software. There is no gap where plagiarism could squeeze in.
Read moreThanks to our free revisions, there is no way for you to be unsatisfied. We will work on your paper until you are completely happy with the result.
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