1
CHAPTER
SIX
Supervision and Leadership in a Changing World
By Gary Dessler
2012 Pearson Higher Education, Inc 2 Pearson Prentice Hall – Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
What Is Organizing?
Identifying jobs to be done
Establishing departments
Delegating or pushing authority
down to subordinates
Establishing a chain of command
Coordinating the work of subordinates
Organizing is:
Supervision and Leadership in a Changing World
By Gary Dessler
2012 Pearson Higher Education, Inc 3 Pearson Prentice Hall – Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
What Is Organizing?
Top management usually lays out
the companys grand design
Supervision and Leadership in a Changing World
By Gary Dessler
2012 Pearson Higher Education, Inc 4 Pearson Prentice Hall – Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
What Is Organizing?
The first-line supervisors main
aim is to make sure that each
worker knows what to do
traditionally with a job description
The job description should show the employee his/her role
Supervision and Leadership in a Changing World
By Gary Dessler
2012 Pearson Higher Education, Inc 5 Pearson Prentice Hall – Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Departmental Organization Charts
The organization chart shows the
structure of the organization:
The title of each supervisors position
and who is accountable to whom,
Who has authority for each area
Which people are expected to routinely
communicate with each other
Supervision and Leadership in a Changing World
By Gary Dessler
2012 Pearson Higher Education, Inc 6 Pearson Prentice Hall – Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Departmental Organization Charts
The organization chart also
shows the chain of command
Sometimes called the scalar
chain or line of authority
2
Supervision and Leadership in a Changing World
By Gary Dessler
2012 Pearson Higher Education, Inc 7 Pearson Prentice Hall – Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Creating Departments
Departmentalization is the process
through which managers group the
enterprises activities together and
assign them to subordinates
The basic question in departmentalization is
Around what activities should we organize departments?
Supervision and Leadership in a Changing World
By Gary Dessler
2012 Pearson Higher Education, Inc 8 Pearson Prentice Hall – Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Creating Departments
Some enterprises organize by simple numbers
Others organize departments around functions
Departments can ,
customers, or geographic areas the company serves
Supervision and Leadership in a Changing World
By Gary Dessler
2012 Pearson Higher Education, Inc 9 Pearson Prentice Hall – Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Creating Functional Departments
Functional departmentalization means grouping activities
around functions such as manufacturing, sales, and finance
The business functions are those the
enterprise must engage in to survive
Supervision and Leadership in a Changing World
By Gary Dessler
2012 Pearson Higher Education, Inc 10 Pearson Prentice Hall – Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Creating Functional Departments
Organizing by function has
several advantages
Simple and logical
Promotes efficiency
Simplifies supervisory
hiring and training
Supervision and Leadership in a Changing World
By Gary Dessler
2012 Pearson Higher Education, Inc 11 Pearson Prentice Hall – Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Creating Functional Departments
Organizing by function
also has disadvantages
It increases the coordination
workload for the top manager
It may reduce the firms sensitivity
and service to the customer
Supervision and Leadership in a Changing World
By Gary Dessler
2012 Pearson Higher Education, Inc 12 Pearson Prentice Hall – Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Product, Customer, or Geographic Departments
Product departmentalization organizes the main
departments around the companys products or services
Supervisors sometimes refer to product-based departments
as divisions and to companies as divisional organizations
3
Supervision and Leadership in a Changing World
By Gary Dessler
2012 Pearson Higher Education, Inc 13 Pearson Prentice Hall – Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Product, Customer, or Geographic Departments
Customer departmentalization is similar, but the
company organizes around its main customer sectors
Geographic (or territorial) departmentalization
sets up departments for each territory in
which the company does business
Supervision and Leadership in a Changing World
By Gary Dessler
2012 Pearson Higher Education, Inc 14 Pearson Prentice Hall – Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Creating Functional Departments
Advantages of organizing by products,
customers, or territories
Each product (or customer, or geographic region) gets
the undivided attention of its own general manager
Its easier to judge performance
Supervision and Leadership in a Changing World
By Gary Dessler
2012 Pearson Higher Education, Inc 15 Pearson Prentice Hall – Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Creating Functional Departments
Disadvantages of organizing by
products, customers, or territories
Duplication of effortproduction plants, sales force, etc.
It requires more managers with
general management abilities
Supervision and Leadership in a Changing World
By Gary Dessler
2012 Pearson Higher Education, Inc 16 Pearson Prentice Hall – Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
How Supervisors Coordinate Work Activities
Coordination is the process of achieving unity
of action among interdependent activities,
individuals, groups, or departments
Direct supervision means that when questions arise,
subordinates bring the problem to the supervisor
Interpersonal coordination means you achieve
coordination using face-to-face interpersonal interaction
Many supervisors appoint committees to coordinate things
Supervision and Leadership in a Changing World
By Gary Dessler
2012 Pearson Higher Education, Inc 17 Pearson Prentice Hall – Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
How Supervisors Coordinate Work Activities
Many companies use Web-based project
coordination software for Project Management
An example is the easyprojects
project management tool
Live Link! http://www.easyprojects.net/
Supervision and Leadership in a Changing World
By Gary Dessler
2012 Pearson Higher Education, Inc 18 Pearson Prentice Hall – Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
A Modern Look at the Principles of Organizing
Henri Fayols 14 Principles includes
five pertaining to how to organize:
The Principle of Division of Work
capitalizes on the idea that practice makes perfect
The Principle of Authority and Responsibility
supervisors need authority commensurate with responsibilities
the company should have safeguards against abuse of authority
The Principle of Unity of Command
an employee should report to and receive orders from one boss
4
Supervision and Leadership in a Changing World
By Gary Dessler
2012 Pearson Higher Education, Inc 19 Pearson Prentice Hall – Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
A Modern Look at the Principles of Organizing
The Principle of Centralization
the organization must balance the extent to which decisions
are centralized versus decentralized
The Principle of Scalar Chain
authority, orders, and communication should follow a clear and
unbroken vertical chain from top to bottom in the organization
Henri Fayols 14 Principles includes
five pertaining to how to organize:
Supervision and Leadership in a Changing World
By Gary Dessler
2012 Pearson Higher Education, Inc 20 Pearson Prentice Hall – Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Understanding Authority and the Chain of Command
Authority means a persons legal right or power to take
action, to make decisions, and to direct the work of others
Line authority gives the supervisor the right (authority)
to issues orders to other supervisors or employees
it creates a superior-subordinate relationship
Staff authority gives the supervisor the right (authority)
to advise other supervisors or employees
it creates an advisory relationship
A line manager can issue orders; a staff manager can advise
Supervision and Leadership in a Changing World
By Gary Dessler
2012 Pearson Higher Education, Inc 21 Pearson Prentice Hall – Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Understanding Authority and the Chain of Command
A staff manager may also have functional authority
Functional authority means the person can issue orders
down the chain of command within the very narrow limits
of his/her functional authority or own department
Supervision and Leadership in a Changing World
By Gary Dessler
2012 Pearson Higher Education, Inc 22 Pearson Prentice Hall – Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
What Are the Sources of a Supervisors Authority?
Authority flows down from the top and
depends on a persons rank or position
Other sources of authority
Personal Traits
Experts
Rewards
Acceptance
Authority isnt always what it appears to be,
based on the companys organization chart
Supervision and Leadership in a Changing World
By Gary Dessler
2012 Pearson Higher Education, Inc 23 Pearson Prentice Hall – Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Guidelines for Delegating Authority
How To Delegate:
Clarify the Assignment
make it clear what you want the subordinate to accomplish,
the results expected, and by when you want those results
Delegate, Dont Abdicate
think through how you are going to monitor the results
Know What to Delegate
you shouldnt delegate the review of your teams daily/weekly
performance reports, or disciplining one of your direct reports
Supervision and Leadership in a Changing World
By Gary Dessler
2012 Pearson Higher Education, Inc 24 Pearson Prentice Hall – Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Guidelines for Delegating Authority
How To Delegate:
Specify the Subordinatess Range of Discretion
when you delegate authority to someone, he or she should
understand the limits of his or her authority
Authority Should Equal Responsibility
the person should have enough authority to accomplish the task
5
Supervision and Leadership in a Changing World
By Gary Dessler
2012 Pearson Higher Education, Inc 25 Pearson Prentice Hall – Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Guidelines for Delegating Authority
How To Delegate:
Make the Person Accountable for Result
make it clear to the employee that he or she is accountable to
you for results
Beware of Backward Delegation
do not carelessly let the task you delegated bounce back to you.
Supervision and Leadership in a Changing World
By Gary Dessler
2012 Pearson Higher Education, Inc 26 Pearson Prentice Hall – Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
The Meaning of Decentralized
In a decentralized organization:
Authority for most decisions is
delegated to department heads
Control for major companywide decisions
is maintained at the headquarters office
Companies organized around divisions are almost always
decentralized, and many business people use the terms
divisionalized and decentralized interchangeably
Supervision and Leadership in a Changing World
By Gary Dessler
2012 Pearson Higher Education, Inc 27 Pearson Prentice Hall – Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Tall and Flat Organizations and the Span of Control
The span of control is the number of
subordinates reporting directly to a supervisor.
Flat means wide spans, which means less meddling
and a more motivational experience for subordinates
A flat span
of control
Supervision and Leadership in a Changing World
By Gary Dessler
2012 Pearson Higher Education, Inc 28 Pearson Prentice Hall – Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Tall and Flat Organizations and the Span of Control
Tall structures, with narrow spans of control, improve
performance by guaranteeing close supervision
Some argue a tall chain of command is more
bureaucratic and slows decisions by forcing each
decision to pass through more levels of supervisors
Supervision and Leadership in a Changing World
By Gary Dessler
2012 Pearson Higher Education, Inc 29 Pearson Prentice Hall – Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
A job is is a set of closely related
activities carried out for pay
Developing Job Descriptions
Supervision and Leadership in a Changing World
By Gary Dessler
2012 Pearson Higher Education, Inc 30 Pearson Prentice Hall – Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Traditional job analysis focuses on what a job
is in terms of job duties and responsibilities
This information is used for developing
job descriptions and job specifications
Conducting a Job Analysis
Job analysis is a procedure by which you determine job
duties and characteristics of people who should be hired
The supervisor may do the actual job
analysis, perhaps using a questionnaire
See page 168
6
Supervision and Leadership in a Changing World
By Gary Dessler
2012 Pearson Higher Education, Inc 31 Pearson Prentice Hall – Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Competencies are demonstrable characteristics
of a person that enable performance
Competency-based job analysis means describing
the job in terms of measurable, observable, behavioral
competencies an employee needs to do the job well.
A Skills Matrix
Conducting a Job Analysis
Supervision and Leadership in a Changing World
By Gary Dessler
2012 Pearson Higher Education, Inc 32 Pearson Prentice Hall – Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Methods for Conducting the Job Analysis
Job analysis interviews involve interviewing the
workers themselves, or supervisors who know the job
What is the job being performed?
What are the major duties of your position?
What exactly do you do?
Supervision and Leadership in a Changing World
By Gary Dessler
2012 Pearson Higher Education, Inc 33 Pearson Prentice Hall – Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
A job description is a written statement of
What the jobholder does
How he or she does it
Conditions under which
the job is performed
Writing Job Descriptions
Supervision and Leadership in a Changing World
By Gary Dessler
2012 Pearson Higher Education, Inc 34 Pearson Prentice Hall – Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Writing Job Descriptions
See page 171
A Sample Job Description
Supervision and Leadership in a Changing World
By Gary Dessler
2012 Pearson Higher Education, Inc 35 Pearson Prentice Hall – Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
The job description
Identifies skills the person who fills the job needs
Shows the person what the job entails
Provides a guide for training the employee
Writing Job Descriptions
Supervision and Leadership in a Changing World
By Gary Dessler
2012 Pearson Higher Education, Inc 36 Pearson Prentice Hall – Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Internet-Based Job Descriptions
Most employers today write their job descriptions
based wholly, or in part on Internet based services
Useful online resources:
http://jobdescription.com
http://online.onetcenter.org
Live Links!
7
Supervision and Leadership in a Changing World
By Gary Dessler
2012 Pearson Higher Education, Inc 37 Pearson Prentice Hall – Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458
Writing Job Specifications
The job specification answers the question:
What human traits and experience
are required to do this job well?
CHAPTER
END
Are you busy and do not have time to handle your assignment? Are you scared that your paper will not make the grade? Do you have responsibilities that may hinder you from turning in your assignment on time? Are you tired and can barely handle your assignment? Are your grades inconsistent?
Whichever your reason is, it is valid! You can get professional academic help from our service at affordable rates. We have a team of professional academic writers who can handle all your assignments.
Students barely have time to read. We got you! Have your literature essay or book review written without having the hassle of reading the book. You can get your literature paper custom-written for you by our literature specialists.
Do you struggle with finance? No need to torture yourself if finance is not your cup of tea. You can order your finance paper from our academic writing service and get 100% original work from competent finance experts.
Computer science is a tough subject. Fortunately, our computer science experts are up to the match. No need to stress and have sleepless nights. Our academic writers will tackle all your computer science assignments and deliver them on time. Let us handle all your python, java, ruby, JavaScript, php , C+ assignments!
While psychology may be an interesting subject, you may lack sufficient time to handle your assignments. Don’t despair; by using our academic writing service, you can be assured of perfect grades. Moreover, your grades will be consistent.
Engineering is quite a demanding subject. Students face a lot of pressure and barely have enough time to do what they love to do. Our academic writing service got you covered! Our engineering specialists follow the paper instructions and ensure timely delivery of the paper.
In the nursing course, you may have difficulties with literature reviews, annotated bibliographies, critical essays, and other assignments. Our nursing assignment writers will offer you professional nursing paper help at low prices.
Truth be told, sociology papers can be quite exhausting. Our academic writing service relieves you of fatigue, pressure, and stress. You can relax and have peace of mind as our academic writers handle your sociology assignment.
We take pride in having some of the best business writers in the industry. Our business writers have a lot of experience in the field. They are reliable, and you can be assured of a high-grade paper. They are able to handle business papers of any subject, length, deadline, and difficulty!
We boast of having some of the most experienced statistics experts in the industry. Our statistics experts have diverse skills, expertise, and knowledge to handle any kind of assignment. They have access to all kinds of software to get your assignment done.
Writing a law essay may prove to be an insurmountable obstacle, especially when you need to know the peculiarities of the legislative framework. Take advantage of our top-notch law specialists and get superb grades and 100% satisfaction.
We have highlighted some of the most popular subjects we handle above. Those are just a tip of the iceberg. We deal in all academic disciplines since our writers are as diverse. They have been drawn from across all disciplines, and orders are assigned to those writers believed to be the best in the field. In a nutshell, there is no task we cannot handle; all you need to do is place your order with us. As long as your instructions are clear, just trust we shall deliver irrespective of the discipline.
Our essay writers are graduates with bachelor's, masters, Ph.D., and doctorate degrees in various subjects. The minimum requirement to be an essay writer with our essay writing service is to have a college degree. All our academic writers have a minimum of two years of academic writing. We have a stringent recruitment process to ensure that we get only the most competent essay writers in the industry. We also ensure that the writers are handsomely compensated for their value. The majority of our writers are native English speakers. As such, the fluency of language and grammar is impeccable.
There is a very low likelihood that you won’t like the paper.
Not at all. All papers are written from scratch. There is no way your tutor or instructor will realize that you did not write the paper yourself. In fact, we recommend using our assignment help services for consistent results.
We check all papers for plagiarism before we submit them. We use powerful plagiarism checking software such as SafeAssign, LopesWrite, and Turnitin. We also upload the plagiarism report so that you can review it. We understand that plagiarism is academic suicide. We would not take the risk of submitting plagiarized work and jeopardize your academic journey. Furthermore, we do not sell or use prewritten papers, and each paper is written from scratch.
You determine when you get the paper by setting the deadline when placing the order. All papers are delivered within the deadline. We are well aware that we operate in a time-sensitive industry. As such, we have laid out strategies to ensure that the client receives the paper on time and they never miss the deadline. We understand that papers that are submitted late have some points deducted. We do not want you to miss any points due to late submission. We work on beating deadlines by huge margins in order to ensure that you have ample time to review the paper before you submit it.
We have a privacy and confidentiality policy that guides our work. We NEVER share any customer information with third parties. Noone will ever know that you used our assignment help services. It’s only between you and us. We are bound by our policies to protect the customer’s identity and information. All your information, such as your names, phone number, email, order information, and so on, are protected. We have robust security systems that ensure that your data is protected. Hacking our systems is close to impossible, and it has never happened.
You fill all the paper instructions in the order form. Make sure you include all the helpful materials so that our academic writers can deliver the perfect paper. It will also help to eliminate unnecessary revisions.
Proceed to pay for the paper so that it can be assigned to one of our expert academic writers. The paper subject is matched with the writer’s area of specialization.
You communicate with the writer and know about the progress of the paper. The client can ask the writer for drafts of the paper. The client can upload extra material and include additional instructions from the lecturer. Receive a paper.
The paper is sent to your email and uploaded to your personal account. You also get a plagiarism report attached to your paper.
GET A PERFECT SCORE!!! 
Delivering a high-quality product at a reasonable price is not enough anymore.
That’s why we have developed 5 beneficial guarantees that will make your experience with our service enjoyable, easy, and safe.
You have to be 100% sure of the quality of your product to give a money-back guarantee. This describes us perfectly. Make sure that this guarantee is totally transparent.
Read moreEach paper is composed from scratch, according to your instructions. It is then checked by our plagiarism-detection software. There is no gap where plagiarism could squeeze in.
Read moreThanks to our free revisions, there is no way for you to be unsatisfied. We will work on your paper until you are completely happy with the result.
Read moreYour email is safe, as we store it according to international data protection rules. Your bank details are secure, as we use only reliable payment systems.
Read moreBy sending us your money, you buy the service we provide. Check out our terms and conditions if you prefer business talks to be laid out in official language.
Read more